论清末民初国家对社会和国民监控的强化——以东北为例

On State's Control over Society and Citizens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China—— Taking Northeastern China for Example

清末民初国家的权力以非常理性的方式强化了对国民和社会的监控,通过大规模的统计调查实现了对信息的控制,从而将个体的国民变成国家可以加以掌控、指导、征发、分配的对象,通过建立新式监狱对社会正常秩序的越轨者进行了规训,通过兴办新式学堂对未来的合格公民进行了规训,通过建立新式警察实现了对城市空间中的安全、消防、卫生、文化活动的治理,将公共空间中发生的一切纳入自己的掌控之中,最后国家还对过去通常自由生长的城市进行雄心勃勃的管控和规划,直接指导城市的发展。在这个从传统帝国向近代民族国家转型的重要阶段,国家的权力不是削弱了,而是以前所未有的深度和广度渗透到了社会的每一个角落,直接与每一个公民对话。

State＇ s control over society and citizens became closer and more rigorous than ever in a rational manner during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China. By large-scale statistical survey, the state grasped information, and turned individual citizen into the object which could be controlled, guided, allocated, and enlisted. By establishing new type of prisons, the state disciplined wrongdoers. The state also disciplined intending qualified citizens by running schools of new style. By the new-style police, the state governed city＇ s security, fire protection, sanitation, and cultural activities, controlled everything happened in the city. Then the state got to manage and plan the city＇ s layout, which had Been developing freely ever before. In this important phase when China began to transform from a traditional empire into a modern nation-state, the state power was not weakened, but infiltrated every corner of the society in an unprecedented degree of depth and scope.