西周厉王时期战争铭文的对比研究

A Comparative Study of Bronze Inscriptions about Wars during the Reign of Western Zhou King Li

关于西周厉王时期的战争,传世文献仅有只言片语涉及。而有不少厉王时的青铜器铭文记载了当时的战争情况。本文通过人物系联,汇集了厉王时期的12篇战争铭文,包括:翏生盨、噩侯驭方鼎、多友鼎、禹鼎、敔簋、宗周钟、伯父簋、虢仲盨盖、应侯视工簋、应侯视工鼎、晋侯铜人、晋侯苏钟铭文,进行了铭文之间的对比,总结了格式和内容上的相似之处;又对比了铭文与传世文献,认为在用词和礼制上两者可相互参证。最后综合探讨了厉王时期的战争和社会形势,认为从铭文时代上看,当时既有前代遗留的东南淮夷之患,又在西北开始了与猃狁的战争;从铭文所载地名上看,宗周、成周等京畿重地皆受到威胁;至于战争之祸所造成的社会形势,于《诗·大雅·桑柔》之"靡国不泯""民靡有黎""哀恫中国"可见一斑。

Few historical documents have been found about wars during the reign of King Li of the Western Zhou dynasty. The current author makes a comparative study of inscriptions recording wars during King Li＇s reign from twelve bronze objects： ＂Lusheng＂ xu [翏生盨], ＂E Hou Yufang＂ ding [噩侯驭方鼎], ＂Duoyou＂ ding [多友鼎], ＂Yu＂ ding [禹鼎], ＂Wu＂ gui [敔簋], ＂Zongzhou＂ bell [宗周钟], ＂Boxianfu＂ gui [伯钱父簋], lid of ＂Guozhong＂ xu [虢仲盈盖], ＂Ying Hou Shigong＂ gui [应侯视工鼎], ＂Ying Hou Shigong＂ ding [晋侯铜人], ＂Jin Hou＂ figure [＇n^q-~4~,＆] and ＂Jin Hou Su＂ bell [晋侯苏钟]. These inscriptions are also compared with surviving historical documents in terms of expressions and descriptions about rituals. According to the inscriptions, during King Li＇s reign, Western Zhou had wars with the Huaiyi people in the southeast and the Xianyun people in the northwest; the capitals of Zongzhou and Chengzhou were threatened by the invasions of Xianyun and Huaiyi. Records about the aftermath of wars correspond with the sad descriptions in the Shi Jing [诗经].