康有为“新中国”构想的历史演变

The Evolution of Kang Youwei's Conception on “New China”

康有为的"新中国"构想经历了三个历史时期。从1889年到戊戌维新之前,是其"新中国"构想的第一阶段。此一阶段的"新中国"还不是一个国家概念,是希望中国人移民巴西开辟新地域。戊戌维新时期,康有为的"新中国"构想主要体现为大力宣扬变法维新,希望通过改良方式变清王朝为君主立宪国。这是他"新中国"构想的第二阶段。这时的康有为开始从国家体制着手,他构想的"新中国"是资本主义式的君主立宪国家。民国时期,康有为多次使用"新中国"一词,拟定新中国政府议章和新中国宪法草案。这一时期,他的"新中国"构想主要是倡导虚君共和制,明确政府职责及宪法。康有为"新中国"构想的内涵始终随着时代的变化而变化,而"救亡"始终是其"新中国"构想的出发点和归宿,其每一阶段"新中国"构想的内涵都有一定的合理性。

Kang Youwei＇s conception on ＂new China＂ is divided into three stages. Between 1889 and 1898, Kang＇s proposal was about ＂managing colony in Brazil and building new China＂. Here, ＂new China＂ is not a conception about ＂state＂ but refers to new frontiers of Chinese migrants in Brazil. During the Reform Movement of 1898, Kang strongly advocated political reform and replacing the Qing dynasty. In this stage, his vision was about a capitalist constitutional monarchy. During the period of the Republic of China, the term ＂new China＂ was repeatedly used by him, e.g. in ＂drawing up government rules of new China＂ and ＂drafting the constitution of new China＇,. In this third stage, Kang advocated a republic with a virtual ruler and clearly defined government responsibilities and the constitution. Kang＇s conception on ＂new China＂ was changing with the times. Nevertheless, ＂salvation＂ remained its core value. In each stage, his conception was reasonable to a certain extent.