政治的道德基础：从卢梭到马克思

The Ethical Basis of Politics:from Rousseau to Marx

在对现代性的批判性理解中,政治问题和道德问题存在一种本质联系。在面对文明时代人类的不平等以及社会腐败问题时,卢梭率先发动了对启蒙学者的批判,认为现代政治处于非道德化状态,使政治与道德处在紧张与对立之中。面对这一现状,卢梭首倡建立"道德政治"这一研究主题,试图通过公意来重建社会普遍性的伦理原则,进而重塑公民的政治道德,以此重新唤醒人们对共同体和公共精神的重视。卢梭的这一思想经由康德、黑格尔的唯心主义而在德国哲学中得到充分体现;最终,马克思把卢梭的普遍性形式落到了实处。

In the critical understanding of modernity, there is an essential link between political and moral problems. In the face of civilization of human social inequality and corruption, Rousseau launched a critique of political individualism that modern politics were not moral, and thus put the politics and morality in tension and antagonism. Faced with this situation, Rousseau initiated the establishment of the subject of ＂moral politics＂, trying with the general and universal will to rebuild the ethical principles of social, political morality and remodeling of citizens, in order to awaken people to attach importance to the community and the public spirit. Rousseau＇s thought has been fully embodied in German philosophy via the idealism of Kant and Hagel. Finally, Marx established the universal form of Rousseau.