美国对华汇率外交中的利益集团政治

The Role of Interest Group Politics in America's Exchange Rate Diplomacy towards China

21世纪伊始,美国对中国发起了汇率外交攻势,这既有敲打中国的战略谋划,也有利益集团政治的复杂背景。国外学者从开放、制度和国家一社会的视角研究了利益集团的汇率政策偏好、利益集团将其转化为政策产出的机制及所面临的约束,但其研究方法、对象、层次和视角存在一定的不足。利益集团之所以能影响美国对华汇率外交,是因为基于美国政治体制的汇率政策决策。实践中,美国保护性经济利益集团和"院外援华集团"围绕人民币汇率展开了激烈博弈,中国相关经济利益集团也通过本国政府寻求影响。为化解汇率外交压力,中国需在微观层面巩固和扩大"相容利益",以争取更多美国利益集团的支持;在宏观层面通过双边和多边渠道,有理、有据、有节地坚持在人民币汇率问题上的原则和立场。

At the beginning of the 21 st century,the U.S.launched a diplomatic offensive against China over the issue of the RMB exchange rate.International scholars have studied the preferences of interests groups with respect to currency exchange rates,the mechanisms through which interest groups translate these into policy and constraints faced from a number of perspectives:open markets;institutions;and state-society relations.Nonetheless,the extant literature is deficient.The ability of interest groups to impact U.S.policy towards China on the issue of exchange rate is based on U.S.unique institutional structures behind policy making.Chinese interest groups also seek to gain influence through their government.In order to reduce diplomatic pressure over the exchange rate,China needs to consolidate and expand 'shared interests' at a micro-level,which will win more support from U.S.interest groups.At the macro-level,China needs to maintain its principles and positions with respect to the RMB exchange rate in a rational,objective and methodical way through both bilateral and multilateral channels.