2001年至2011年蒙古旱獭鼠疫疫源地宿主动物监测结果分析

Overview of the Surveillance of Rodent Populations From 2001 to 2011 in Inner Mongolia

目的分析2001年至2011年蒙古旱獭鼠疫疫源地监测结果,掌握该疫源地的发展和变化特点。方法每年5~9月,在满洲里市、陈巴尔虎旗、新巴尔虎左旗、新巴尔虎右旗、鄂温克旗及牙克石市,以旗（县）为单位开展监测。每个旗（县）监测面积为20 000~40 000 hm2。采用路线法调查旱獭密度,采用一日弓形夹法调查达乌尔黄鼠密度。采用五米夹线法调查夜间活动鼠类;对捕获的旱獭和达乌尔黄鼠体外寄生蚤,全部在低倍镜下进行分类鉴定。并用探蚤棒对达乌尔黄鼠洞干进行蚤类采集和鉴定;对获取的鼠、蚤可检材料,按照《中华人民共和国国家标准鼠疫诊断标准》（GB15991-1995）,采用鼠疫细菌学培养方法进行病原学检测,采用间接血凝试验方法进行血清学检测。结果 11年间,疫源地的蒙古旱獭密度为0.022只/hm2,达乌尔黄鼠密度为0.57只/hm2,夜间活动鼠类捕获率为2.33%（567/24298）;蒙古旱獭染蚤率为13.45%（26/190）,蚤指数为0.32;达乌尔黄鼠染蚤率为32.69%（669/2048）,蚤指数为1.04;达乌尔黄鼠洞干染蚤率为4.74%（101/2 127）,蚤指数为0.09。共剖检各种宿主动物3242只,培养各种蚤类830组1407匹,病原学检测结果均为阴性;共检测各种动物血清2 779份,检出阳性血清49份,阳性检出率为2.71%（49/2 779）,阳性血清最高滴度为l：1280。除2001、2002、2003、2006年和2009年未发现血凝阳性材料,其余年度均发现血凝阳性材料;发现阳性血清的地区共有3个（满洲里市、新巴尔虎右旗和新巴尔虎左旗）。分别检出血凝阳性血清33、15、l份。结论蒙古旱獭鼠疫疫源地的疫情处于活跃状态;且涉及的范围逐渐扩大;由于生态环境的改变,存在着主要宿主更替的现象,主要宿主向达乌尔黄鼠过渡,同时夜行性鼠类的宿主地位不可忽视。今后在监测工作中要继续加强检菌,同时注意该地区的主要宿主更替,全力做好人间鼠疫防控工作,值得注意的是要防止疫情从境外输入。

Objective To master of the characteristics of development and variation in plague natural foci of Marmota sibirica,and to analyze the plague monitoring results from2001to2011.Methods From May to September every year,we monitored plague in Manzhouli,Chenbaerhuqi,Xinbaerhuzuoqi,Xinbaerhuyouqi,Ewenkeqi and Yakeshi city.The monitored area was 20 000~40 000 hm2 in every county.The density of Marmota.ground squirrel and rats was surveyed by path method.One-day bow-clip method and a clamp was placed every five meters,respectively.The classification and identification of ectoparasite DaurIan Ground Squirrels were done by using low power lens.The DaurIan Ground Squirrels in the ground squirrel hole were collected by flannel rubber stick,then classified and identified.According to＂National Standard of Plague Diagnostic Criteria＂（GB15991-1995）,the collected rats and DaurIan Ground Squirrels were detected by isolation and cultured Yersinia pestis,the serums of collected rats were tested by indirect hemagglutination test.Results In eleven years,the density of Marmota and ground squirrel was 0.022/hm2 and 0.57/hm2,respectively.The capture rate of moonlighting rata was 2.33%（567/24 298）.The DaurIan Ground Squirrel infection rate of Martota was 13.45%（26/190）and the DaurIan Ground Squirrels index was 0.32.The DaurIan Ground Squirrels infection rate of ground squirrel was 32.69%（669/2048）and the DaurIan Ground Squirrels index was 1.04.DaurIan Ground Squirrel infection rat of ground squirrel hole was 4.74%（101/2127）and the DaurIan Ground Squirrels index was 0.09.The total number of various hosts of Yersinia pestis detected was 3242,the groups number of the variety of cultured DaurIan Ground Squirrels was 830.and the pathogen test results were negative.The number of serum tested was 1407.positive number Was 49,and the detection rate was 2.71%（49/2779）.The highest positive titer was l：1 280.Other than2001,2002,2003,2006 and2009,the remaining six years were found positive for blood clotting material positive serum.was found in a total of three regions,they were Manzhouli,Xinbaerhuzuoqi,and Xinbaerhuyouqi;and 33,15 and 1 copies of hemagglutination-positive sera were detected.Conclusions The epidemic of plague natural foci of Marmota sibirica is in a active state,and gradually expands the scope.Changed of ecological environment,there are appearances on principal host change to DaurIan Ground Squirrel,meanwhile,nocturnal rodents were not ignored.We must continue to strengthen the inspection of the bacteria,bearing in mind the replacement of the region＇s main host,make every effort to prevent and control of human plague,prevent plague epidemic transmiting from outside.