国家治理体系关系社会主义成败——从“以俄为师”到“以苏为鉴”

State Governing System Affects the Success of Socialism:from “Russia as Teacher” to “Soviet as Mirror”

国家治理体系关系到社会主义成败。苏共执政74年间,总体上看,构建和固守的是"权力过分集中"的畸形权力结构、"武大郎店铺"式的等级授职制用人体制、既得利益集团所形成的阻碍机制、高度固化的经济社会结构、工具性的同体监督体制等。这些既是苏联国家治理体系的主要标志,也是苏共亡党亡国的制度性原因。新中国成立以来,毛泽东率先提出"以苏为鉴"的问题,以邓小平、江泽民、胡锦涛、习近平为代表的中共党人则不仅从经济体制上而且从政治体制上不断推进从"以俄为师"到"以苏为鉴"的改革转型,建设和发展中国特色社会主义。

State governing system refers to the institutional system to govern a state. It affects the success and failure of socialism. In general,during its reign of 74 years,the Soviet Communist Party constructed and adhered to a malformed power structure of“over concentration,”a ranking and file personnel system of“capacity regression,”an obstructive mechanism formed by the sharing coalitions,a highly rigid social economic structure,and an instru-mental system of same body oversight. These are both the major symbols for the Soviet state governing system,and the institutional reasons for the Soviet communists to lose their party and state. The Chinese communists used to take“Russia as teacher”and had been influenced much by the Soviet model of state governing system. Since the founding of New China,Mao Zedong first raised the question of“Soviet as mirror.”Chinese communists represen-ted by Deng Xiaoping,Jiang Zemin,Hu Jintao,and Xi Jinping continuously pushed the reform and transformation from“Russia as teacher”to“Soviet as mirror”not only on economic system but also on political system to construct and development socialism with Chinese characteristics.