恢复生态学的理论与研究进展

Theories and research advances of restoration ecology

简介了恢复生态学中常用的生态学原理,以及在其自身发展过程中产生的状态过渡模型及阈值、集合规则、参考生态系统、人为设计和自我设计、适应性恢复等理论;从生境、种群、群落、生态系统、景观尺度层面,以及将全球变化与人类干扰纳入生态恢复范畴等方面介绍了恢复生态学的研究进展与主流认识。在此基础上,对恢复生态学的发展障碍与发展趋势进行了评述。

The natural ecosystems continue to face degradation and damage under human and natural disturbance. Thus, the societal demand for ecosystem restoration is rapidly increasing. Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. Restoration ecology is the field of science that studies the process of ecological restoration. As a young academic field, the conceptual framework of restoration ecology has been developed rapidly by integrating theory and practice over the past two decades. The present state of restoration ecology is still far away from Bradshaw＇s ＂acid test for ecology.＂ This review briefly introduces the theories and advances on restoration ecology. The major principles of restoration ecology, which are heavily based on contemporary ecology theories, include interaction among ecological factors, competition, niches, succession, recruitment limitation, facilitation, mutualisms, herbivory or predation, disturbance, genetic diversity, island biogeography, ecosystem function and biodiversity, plant-soil feedback, ecotypes, landscape heterogeneity, and scale, among others. The emerging theories from the practice of restoration ecology include the state and transition model, assembly rules, reference ecosystem, self-design and designer- design, and adaptive restoration. Moreover, the review also reports the research advances and mainstream-recognition of restoration ecology from the perspectives of habitat, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, global change and anthropogenic disturbances. Restoration ecology has shifted from static, single state, structure-based, individual ecosystem to dynamic, multi-state, process-oriented, and landscape context. However, there are two major obstacles in the development of restoration ecology ： （ 1 ） It still adopts simple experiments with few treatment factors and few levels of those factors, and （2） It focuses little on synthesis and has weak conceptual theory. Therefore, restoration ecology is facing two paradigm shifting ： uniting the practice with the theories, and uniting science with arts （including social, economic, cultural, and political factors）. The research hotspots in restoration ecology include： the mechanism and assessment on ecosystem degradation from the perspective of ecosystem, the non-biological and biological barriers to the process of recovery, the temporal and spatial dynamics etc. ） during restoration, the irreversible of key processes （ for example, threshold and nonlinearity in pollination, dispersal, fire, ecological restoration and nutrient degradati cycling, on, the interactions between species, the role of ＂mysterious＂ biota （e.g., fungi, rhizobium, soil protozoa, etc. ） during recovery, biological invasions, and biological connectivity during the restoration, the interaction mechanism between above ground and below ground linkages, the role of plant-soil feedbacks in driving native-species recovery and muhi-trophic interactions, heterogeneity restoration on landscape scale, the ecological restoration in ecotones, the restoration of natural capital, ecosystem services and restoration products, carbon sequestration and forest restoration, native vegetation and nutrient management during the restoration design, identification of effective invention practices and prediction of ecosystem recovery, ecological restoration under climate change, and economic processes of ecological restoration. In addition, restoration ecology is becoming increasingly and closely linked with the urgent ecological, economic, and political issues such as the C emissions, loss of biodiversity, and payments for ecosystem services. Restoration ecology in the future should link or combine theory and practice effectively, adopt a multidisciplinary approach by integrating the natural sciences and the humanities in the social, economic, cultural, political, technology and other factors to ultimately achieve sustainable development.