矿山边坡生态建设的植被特征与群落动态变化

Vegetation characteristics and community dynamics in the mine slope rehabilitation

为了解边坡生态防护工程植被建植的生长变化规律,依托实际工程,以植生基质喷射技术(Planting Material Spraying,简称PMS绿化工程技术)体系作为矿山边坡复绿的应用背景,对3个不同坡向、坡度的边坡在人工植被建植后5年内主要群落特征(物种、盖度和高度等)进行跟踪调查。结果表明:1)边坡人工植被建植1周年内,数量特征总体上表现为组成简单、垂直结构不明显。刺槐、胡枝子、狗牙根、紫花苜蓿和高羊茅长势优于其他物种。2)植被建设5年后,建设效果良好,多样性和丰富度得到提高,优势度下降,均匀度趋于稳定,形成有较强固土护坡效果的多年生草本+胡枝子+刺槐的植被群落,乔灌草植株根系发运良好,且豆科植物在群落中占据着主要的优势。3)植被越冬越夏期间,部分高羊茅出现倒伏现象,少量刺槐出现叶片萎缩,波斯菊相较于其他植物死亡植株较多,但大部分植物对于极端天气抵抗力较好,并初步形成有较强固土护坡效果和较好景观效果的植物群落。

In order to understand the growth of planted vegetation in the slope ecological protection engineering,we took an actual project as study case,by using the technology of planting material spraying （PMS） as application background of mine slope greening,and conducted tracking survey on three slopes with different aspects and gradients within five years after vegetation planting concerning the main community characteristics like species,coverage and height.The results show that：1）During the first year since vegetation planting,the general quantitative characteristics of plant vegetation was simple composition and inconspicuous vertical structure.Robinia pseudoacacia,Lespedeza bicolor,Cynodon dactylon,Medicago sativa and Festuca elata had better growth than other species.2） After five years of vegetation rehabilitation,the vegetation restoration effect was good.The diversity and richness were increased and the dominance index decreased,and uniformity tended to be stable.Vegetation community with a strong soil fixing effect was formed as perennial herbs ＋ L.bicolor ＋ R.pseudoacacia.The development of grass root system was good.Legume species presented a dominate advantage.3） During the wintering and summering periods,part of F.elata showed lodging phenomenon.A small amount of R.pseudoacacia leaves withered.Compared with other plants,the mortality of C.bipinnata was higher.Most plants had a good performance of resisting extreme weather conditions.The plant community was gradually formed with a strong soil fixing effect and good landscape effect.