行动者网络视域下世界遗产地的空间生产——以广东开平碉楼与村落为例

Production of World Heritage Based on Actor Network Theory:A Case Study of Kaiping Diaolou and Village in Guangdong

行动者网络理论(Actor-Network Theory,ANT)通过把人与非人的、物质的和社会的要素并置在行动者网络内,为地理学家审视"空间"提供了一个强大的理论工具,在人文地理学各分支学科的应用日益增多。文章以开平碉楼与村落世界遗产地为研究对象,使用ANT研究了开平碉楼与村落从偏僻乡野向世界遗产地的空间生产过程。研究发现,开平碉楼与村落的行动者主要包括联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会、国家各级政府、开平碉楼与村落专项基金会、旅游企业、旅游者、碉楼华侨业主、碉楼当地业主、其他非业主居民和开平碉楼与村落环境。开平碉楼与村落所处区域的经济衰落呈现出的行动者集体的问题是行动者转译原因,也是开平碉楼空间再生产的起点;申遗与旅游开发成为行动者利益赋予、征召与动员的过程,也同时阐述了空间再生产过程的机理,由部分业主对网络提出的异议则指涉了新的空间再生产。

Actor-Network Theory （ANT）, which integrates human and non-human factors, as well as physical and social elements, into an Actor Network, can provide geographers with a powerful theoretical tool to survey the ＂space＂, and so the theory now has been widely applied in different branches of human geography. From the perspective of Actor-Network Theory, this paper studies the spatial production process of Kaiping Diaolou and Village from remote countryside to a world heritage. The study reveals that the actors in the actor network of Kaiping Diaolou and Village involve the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO, local governments at different levels, the Special Foundation of Kaiping Diaolou and Village, the tourism enterprises, the tourists to Kaiping, the overseas Chinese owners of Diaolou, the local owners of Diaolou, the non-owner residents of Diaolou, and the physical and social environment of Diaolou and Village. Since the 1980s, the dilapidation of Diaolou and the recession of local rural economy have confused the related actors. Under this condition, the application for the List of World Heritage and the following tourism development would be an acceptable means to satisfy different actors＇ interests. In that process, the concerned stack-holders actively took part in the reproduction of the space for their own projects. The issue of the collectivity of the actors which was presented because of the economic recession of the Kaiping Diaolou region was both the reason of the transformation and also the new origin of the spatial reproduction of the Kaiping Diaolou. Application for the List of World Heritage and tourism development were the process of interests, enrollment, mobilization, and also the process of the reproduction of space. The objections to the network presented by some of the owners were referenced to the reproduction of the new space. The results of this case study indicates that, ANT is an effective theoretical device to explain the spatial production of a particular locality. The production of space stresses that space is an orderly system of social practices and actions, and the ANT, from the identification of the actors to the identification of network, provides a specific view for interpreting the spatial production.