粤北城镇企业型单位大院物质空间演化类型及贫困特征——以广东省乐昌市棉纺厂大院为例

Evolution and Poverty Characteristics of Enterprise-type Danwei Community in Northern Guangdong

单位大院是在中国工业化和城市化早期单位制下出现的特殊复合型地域类型。随着单位制消除和市场经济的日益完善、倡导功能分区的城市规划,单位大院逐渐成为边缘化的地理单元。已有研究多关注北方大城市单位大院空间形态演变模式及其对城市的影响,缺乏针对南方小城镇单位大院特别是其贫困演化过程的细致解剖。文章以广东乐昌市棉纺厂大院为案例,通过问卷调查和深度访谈,结合GIS空间分析、社会网络分析方法,探讨企业型单位大院从物质空间到内在群体的贫困演化类型及特征。结果表明:1)粤北城镇企、事业单位大院留存情况相异,且各企业型大院的解构过程也不同;2)企业型单位大院与城市贫困集聚区重合度较高,有贫困固化和结构性贫困特征,居民活动空间被动拓展,女性居民个人活动时间受压;3)大院居民社会网络具有密度大、强联系特征,不利于该群体向外拓展和向上攀升,进一步固化了贫困。

Danwei community is a principal territorial unit formed in the early phase of industrialization and urbanization in China. As such a complex compound, danwei was not only the pattern but also a driving force of early urbanization. As danwei system was abrogated and sectorization-oriented city planning was initiated, danwei was going to be peripherized. Geographers in China did not set foot in and pay close attention to danwei’s spatial pattern until the 1990s. Taking an underdevoloped town in northern Guangdong as an example, this paper looks into the evolution of danwei’s physical space and inner poverty. The result turns out that physical space of danwei changes in different degree, which can be classified into 3 types： complete-reverse type, compact-decomposition type and enclave-decomposition type. Enterprise-type danwei space mostly overlaped poverty area of town. Danwei was becoming a space of poverty cluster, poverty solidarity and structural poverty. The data also indicate that female residents may be more influenced by the collapse of danwei system. The social network of residents in danwei is of high density and strong ties, that may be a main reason for its poverty solidification.