前主体性对话:对话与人的解放问题——评哈贝马斯“对话伦理学”

Pre-subjective Discourse: Issues Concerning Discourse and Human Emancipation——On Habermas' “Discourse Ethics”

哈贝马斯所关注的是如何兑现启蒙承诺——人的解放,这在今天仍然是人类坚持的诉求。因为时至今日,作为某种主体的"人民"依然要么是前现代的"臣民",要么是现代化的"大众",而真正的"人"尚未诞生。哈贝马斯寄希望于对话范式的转换,即从主体性范式转换为交互主体性范式,为此而建构了"对话伦理学"。然而这是行不通的,因为主体间性的前提仍然是主体性,而任何主体性对话包括"和而不同"的对话都不可能导向新的主体性的诞生,因而不可能导向人的解放。兑现启蒙承诺的途径不是伦理学层级上的主体间性的对话,而是存在论层级上的前主体性对话,在这点上,孔子有一种非角色性对话模式值得借鉴。

Habermas＇ concern is how to honor the promise of enlightenment -- human emancipation, which remains the consistent target of pursuit for the contemporary human kind, because even today, as some kind of subjects, ＂people＂ are either ＂subordinate subjects＂ of the pre-modern era, or the modernized ＂general public＂, yet the ＂human being＂ in the real sense has yet to be born. Habermas expected a lot on the shift in dialogue paradigms, namely the convertion from the subjective paradigm to the inter-subjective paradigm, for which he started the construction of ＂discourse ethics. ＂ How- ever, this practice is not feasible, because the premise of inter-subjectivity is still subjective, and any subjectivity dis- course, including ＂harmonious and different＂ dialogues, can not lead to the birth of a new subjectivity, making it impossi- ble to achieve human emancipation. The approach for honoring the enlightenment promise should not be inter-subjectivity discourse at the ethical level, but pre-subjective discourse at the level of existence. In this regard, it is worthwhile to refer to the non-role-playing discourse model found in Confucian thoughts.