清代十三行时期的原型买办研究

Prototype Comprador during the Period of Sup Sam Hung in Qing Dynasty

与清代十三行贸易时期原型买办密切相关的"层递钳制"保证制度,是广州体制完备的一个例证。买办受到清朝政府的严密防范和限制,并被作为处理与外商摩擦和纠葛时的筹码。买办与外商的关系比行商更为密切,并随着外商及其企业在华迅增而崛起。买办制度在鸦片战争以前即已孕育,而于战后正式形成,这是十三行的变体,在条约体制下,它逐渐取代了旧行商在中西贸易中的地位和作用。英国人虽然打破了具有贸易垄断性质的广州体制,但最终所建立和倚赖的买办制度却仍具外贸垄断性。与十三行整体走向衰亡相反,买办完成了资本的原始积累,加快了从中西贸易的居间人或代理人向近代企业家的转化。

The comprador system began to be gestated before the Opium War and was officially formed after it. It is the variant of Sup Sam Hung of Guangzhou and gradually replaced the position and function of old itinerant traders in Sino- western trade. Opposite to the decline of Sup Sum Hung,the compradors finished primitive accumulation of capital and accelerated the transformation from intermediator or agent of Sino-western trade to modern entrepreneur.