从现象学看现当代西方文论科学神话的破灭

Fall of the Scientific Myth in Modern and Contemporary Western Literary Theory Viewed from Phenomenology

现当代西方文论对于科学性的普遍意义格外迷恋。现象学运动的兴起便反映了这种对科学性的推崇。胡塞尔以现象学还原得出先验主体为这种科学神话确立基础,现象学文论则以再现作者意识深层结构达到批评的完全中立来响应这一科学神话。海德格尔、萨特、庞蒂、利科却分别从时间性、存在主义、主体间性、诠释学等方面消除了先验主体的地位。德里达则解构了现象学的客观科学性根基。现象学文论所迷恋的普遍意义这一科学神话也就破灭了。

Modern and contemporary western literary theory is rather fascinated with the universal meaning of scientificity, which is reflected in the rise of phenomenology. Transcendental subject acquired by Hus-serl’ s phenomenological reduction lays the foundations for this scientific myth, while phenomenological criticism responds to it by reproducing the deep structures of the author’ s mind so as to achieve complete objectivity. Heidegger, Sartre, Ponty and Ricoeur, however, remove the objective status of transcendental subject, respectively through ways of temporality, existentialism, intersubjectivity, hermeneutics and so forth. And for Derrida, he deconstructs the cornerstone of phenomenology’ s objective scientificity. Con-sequently, the scientific myth of a universal meaning worshipped by phenomenological criticism is also shattered.