更新世东亚人群连续演化的考古证据及相关问题论述

Archaeological Evidence for Evolutionary Continuity of Pleistocene Humans in China and East Asia and Related Discussions

本文从考古文化的角度论证中国乃至东亚古人类演化的连续性。通过对石制品原料特点及开发利用方式、石器制作技术、石制品类型、形态与组合特点、区域文化传统演变等方面的分析，提出这里的旧石器时代文化一脉相承，古人群生生不息、连续演化。通过对中国旧石器文化体系中勒瓦娄哇技术制品、具有阿舍利风格的组合和石叶技术产品这些具有“西方元素”特点的文化成分的辨识与分析，指出更新世期间该地区石器生产基本维持在奥杜威模式内，来自西方的文化因素间或出现过，但从来没有成为主流，更没有发生对土著文化的置换，说明这一地区没有发生过大规模移民和人群更替事件；基因混合与文化交流可能发生过，但其过程是融合而非替代。秦岭诸遗址、北窑、大地湾、徐家城、乌兰木伦、织机洞、井水湾、黄龙洞等遗址的地层和测年数据表明东亚不存在距今10～4万年间的材料空白，人类演化的链条没有中断过。古气候和古生物信息也对末次冰期导致本土人群灭绝的论断提出否定。这些考古材料与信息对中国乃至东亚古人群连续演化及现代人类“连续进化附带杂交”的理论提供了强有力的论证和支持。“综合行为模式”等学说的提出强化了对本土人群生存能力的论述。对人类独特的行为特点与社会属性的观察和思考，也对本土人群与西方同类的隔离问题及不同地区人群长时期维持在同一物种内的可能性与动因提供了有益的启示。

This paper makes the argument for continuity of human evolution in China and East Asia based on Paleolithic archaeological evidence. Through observation and examination of raw material procurement strategies, stone tool manufacturing technology, lithic typology, artifact morphology, assemblage composition, and trends of regional cultural traditions, it proposed that the development of Paleolithic industries in the region occurred in one continuous line indicating that Pleistocene hominids survived and evolved continuously in the region. Through the study of the emergence of some so-called “western cultural elements” such as Levalloisian technological products, Acheulean-like assemblages, and blade tools in the Chinese Paleolithic, it is pointed out that lithic technology in the region maintained more-or-less within the Oldowan （Mode I） tradition. While some techniques typical of the west made occasional appearance in the east, they had never become the mainstream in stone tool production, not to say to replace the local way of tool fabrication, implying that gene admixture and cultural diffusion between the east and west might have occurred, but population replacement never. Stratigraphic and chronometric analyses on some key Paleolithic sites in the early and middle Upper Pleistocene, including Beiyao, Dadiwan, Xujiacheng, Wulanmulun, Zhijidong, Jingshuiwan, Huanglongdong, etc., showed that there was no evolutionary gap or interruption for East Asian humans during 100 kaBP to 40 kaBP as suggested by some Out-of-Africa advocates. At least some parts of the area was occupied by indigenous human groups. Paleoenvironmental and paleontological research also refutes the notion that the harsh climate of LGM caused the extinction of local populations. Such archaeological evidence provided strong support for the standpoint of evolutionary continuity of Pleistocene humans in China and East Asia and the Continuity with Hybridization theory. The proposition of Comprehensive Behavioral Model strengthens the argument in favor of aboriginal populations＇ capability of survival and evolution to modem humans. Observations and analyses on the unique behavioral patterns and social attributes of human beings also provide useful inspirations on academic issues such as the nature of geographic isolations for different human groups and the possibility of maintenance of a single biological species of human groups living in different regions through time.