美国“肯定性行动”中的族裔优惠与宪法平等

Discussion on ethnic preferential policy and constitution equality in American “Affirmative Action”

美国少数族裔优惠政策肇启于国内广泛存在的种族歧视和种族发展不平衡,以及由此诱发的社会动荡和国家撕裂。为纠正这种社会不公,美国在"肯定性行动"中实施了包括就业扶助、教育促进、企业扶持和政府合同支持等一系列扶持少数族裔的优惠政策,客观改善了少数族裔的处境。但这些政策中基于族裔身份的区别对待,冲击了美国所追求的"无肤色社会"、"无(民族)集团宪法"的自由主义社会价值,受到了来自社会与国家的双重牵制而几近消停。在有关少数人保护不断加强和少数人身份特殊对待已成为国际人权共识的后"肯定性行动"时代,美国"色盲"族裔政策面临着价值困境和制度转型。

American preferential policy for ethnic minorities originated from racial discrimination and unbalanced ethnic development that are widely existed within the country,and social turbulence and national tearing arisen from it.In order to correct such social unfairness,the USA implemented a series of preferential policies that support ethnic minorities,including employment support,education promotion,enterprise support,government contract support,and so on,which objectively improved the situation of ethnic minorities.However,the differential treatment based on ethnic identity shocked the social values of liberalism-' no color society',' no(national) group constitution' that was pursued by the USA,and almost ceased because it was hampered by both society and country.So ' color blindness' ethnic policy is facing a dilemma of value and system transformation,in the ' affirmative action' era that minority protection is continuously strengthening and minority special treatment has become the common view of international human rights.