走向生态主义的心理学

Toward Ecologistic Psychology

通过对心理学一系列新进展的分析,探讨了心理学正在经历的从物理学隐喻向生态学范式的转变。20世纪末出现的主体间性理论、叙事心理学、超个人心理学、积极心理学、进化心理学、社会建构论心理学等一系列心理学新领域,以及人格心理学、文化心理学、社会心理学等传统研究领域的新发展,都体现了生态主义的思想,可以放在"生态主义的心理学"(ecologistic psychology)这个大概念之下去理解。生态主义的心理学把系统的、整体的、历史的观点运用到心理学研究的所有领域中,是研究范式的全面转变。心理学的学科建设也应当具有生态主义的视角,应当对科学与人文、定性与定量、行为观察与内省分析等有差异性的研究取向与方法兼容并包。因此,所谓生态主义的心理学,意味着在对人的内在心灵世界的认识、对心灵世界与其存在环境的关系的认识,以及探索心灵世界的方法这3个方面都体现出生态的思想。

By analyzing a series of new developments in psychology, this article probes into the transformation of psychology from the physics metaphor to an ecology paradigm. A series of new psychological fields that appeared in the end of the 20th century have embodied the ecological ideology. Some of the examples are the theory of inter-subjectivity, narrative psychology, transpersonal psychology, positive psychology, evolutionary psychology, social constructionist psychology and so forth. The new developments of traditional psychological fields, such as personality psychology, social psychology, and cultural psychology have also been incorporating the ecological viewpoints. The author suggests that all these fields be included in the concept of ecologistic psychology. An ecologistic psychology applies systematic, holistic, and historic views to all fields of psychological inquiries and thus leads to a whole transformation of research paradigm. The construction and development of psychology as a discipline should be directed by ecologistic perfective and should synthesize and reconciliate the divergent approaches and methods such as scientific and humanistic methods, quantitative and qualitative approaches, and behavior observational and introspective methods. Therefore, ecologistic psychology implies an ecologistic view on the understanding of the intrapsychic world, the investigation of the correlations between the inner world and the outer environment, and the adoption the methods for psychological inquiries.