“巴黎的忧郁”:变革、平衡与新的困境——近三十年来法国经济社会转型历程综述

"Paris Blues" : Change, Balance and the New Dilemma——Review of French Economic and Social Transformation in the Last Thirty Years

20世纪80年代以来,法国社会在发展中发生新变化,出现崭新的面貌。阶级结构由两极走向多极,由简单走向复杂,由小生产者社会走向领工资者社会和中产阶级社会。阶级关系由对抗转向结成"社会伙伴",趋于缓和。城乡差别和对立基本消失并走向高度一体化。社会保障制度从无到有,并逐步健全和完备,拥有普通体制、专门体制、农业体制、个体经营者体制四大体制。国民从基本生活无保障转变为有稳定保障,追求衣食住行的优质和时尚。环境经过治理,从过去的严重污染到基本上实现生态平衡。然而,金融和经济危机以及财政危机,导致贫富差距有所扩大、社会不平等有所发展、国民收入和生活质量有所下降,从而使法国社会发展放缓,陷入了困境。

Since the 1980s, changes have appeared in the French social development, making the country take on a new look. Its social class has transitioned from a bipolar structure to a multi-polar structure, from simple to complex, and from small producers society to wage-earners and middle-class society. Class relations ended confrontation and eased with the forming of ＂social partners＂. The difference between urban and rural areas and their oppositional state basically disappeared and reached a high degree of integration. The social security system was newly established and gradually improved, with four sub-systems available, namely, the general system, the specialized system, the agricultural system, and the individual business system. Unlike before, people now enjoys stable and guaranteed basic necessities of life, and begin to pursue high-quality food, clothing, shelter and transportation. After environmental improvement, serious pollution has been stopped and ecological balance has basically been realized. However, the financial and economic crisis have somewhat increased wealth gap and social inequality and lowered national income and quality of life, which slowed down the French social development and got it caught in dilemma.