论晚清时期文官保举的基本特征1

A Historical Study on Basic Features of Civilian Official Recommendation and Promotion System in the Late Qing Dynasty

清朝也像中国其他的专制王朝一样,十分强调人才的重要性。为此,有一系列人才选拔、官员任用的制度设计和安排。为弥补科举取士和铨选循例任官的不足,达到破格选拔和重用人才的目的,在明朝保举制度的基础上,清朝进一步规范和强化了保举制度,并扩大了保举制度的适用范围。清朝前中期,由于政治和社会变动不大,制度包括文官保举制度多延续,少变化,大体保持了相对的稳定。但晚清时期,由于中国社会性质的变化,政治制度也在随之逐渐转型。就文官保举制度而言,变动也是其题中应有之义。晚清时期文官保举制度和运行机制,在静态和动态两个方面体现了文官保举的基本特征:文官保举制度不断地调整,文官保举的外在状况发生了多维变动,保举权在诸多人事权中的地位提升,文官保举对政治和社会的负面影响很大,甚至超过其有益面。

Like other Dynasties in Chinese history, Qing Dynasty laid great emphasis on the selection of officials. Therefore, a series of institutional designs and arrangements had been established to select officials. On the basis of recommendation systems in Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty not only normalized and strengthened its recommendation systems, but also broadened the scope of the systems' applications. In late Qing Dynasty, along with the change of social nature, the transition of political systems definitely led to the modification of recommendation systems. Based on the analysis of official recommendation systems and its effectiveness in late Qing Dynasty, the paper summarizes the basic characteristics of the official recommendation systems from the dynamic and static dimensions respectively.