王国维作为“无时代的人”:“我”与“人间”的较量

Wang Guowei as “A Man of No Epochs” : “I” and “World”

本文以王国维的诗词创作为主,分四个时期探讨了王国维之"我"与"人间"的较量,由此来观察他如何处理与时代的关系。晚清时期,王国维的"我"与"人间"对立关系在时间性维度上表现为"我"之短暂与"人间"之永恒的对立共存;在德性维度上表现为"人间"不可信任。只是这"人间"为王国维心中的人间,与现实并无多大关系,因此他的"自我"还是一个相对平静的整体。民国初年,这个"人间"开始分裂为二:一是以失去政权的清皇朝为中心的小人间,一是以革命共和为中心的大人间。王国维的取舍非常鲜明,亲前者,恶后者。他身在日本,生活稳定,远离中国风云变幻的现实,因此他的自我尚能与晚清时期保持一致。"五四"前后,王国维密切地关注着溥仪小朝廷的兴亡存废,同时对社会上其他事情全都看不顺眼。那个"二分人间"内部已经不平静,这种不平静刺激着王国维的内心。1927年,王国维的恐惧,不是担心被杀,而是担心屈辱地被杀。因此他的恐惧就不是因为要苟活于乱世,而是担心自己的人格被践踏。这也许才是王国维的真正死因。王国维的"无时代"表现为早期的悬搁时代和民国后把时代纳入自身却又与时代背离。他作为"无时代的人"并非没有主体意志,相反,"无时代"彰显着他独立自由的主体意志。王国维主体意志的发展过程中的受动性与他因"人间"与"我"之间的冲突而来的意志的痛苦的结合,是造成他悲剧的内在根源。

According to Wang Guowei＇s writing of poems, this thesis discusses Wang＇s ＂I＂ and ＂human world＂ competition in four periods, by which it probes Wang＇s dealing with his time. Wang＇s ＂noepochs＂ is expressed by his early-year dangling period, as well as assimilating the time while deviating from it after the setting-up of the republic. As a ＂man of no epochs＂, he is not without subjective willand, on the contrary, ＂no epochs＂ shows his independent and free will of subjectivity. In Wang＇s process of developing subjective will, a combination of passiveness and the pain of will from a crash between ＂I＂ and ＂human world＂ resulted in the inner source of his tragedy.