结构与功能的背离:宋代州府司法中的长属分职与长官专权

Separation of Judicial Function and Commissioner's Judicial Autocracy in Prefectures of the Song Dynasty

宋代州级司法职能配置在长官与属官之间存在明确的分工。这种职能分工被赋予了防范长官干预属官司法行为的权力约束功能。但在审判实践中,长官往往借助官制特权或法定特权赋予的优势地位,干预或控制属官的审判行为,操纵州府审判的过程与结果,使州府审判过程呈现出鲜明的长官专权特质。从其司法制度演进的历史考察,两宋时期之所以出现司法体制上的控权倾向与审判过程中的专权特质并存的局面,根源在于其政权建设中难以克服的"祖宗之法"与"汉唐故事"之间的深刻抵牾。

The separation of judicial functions is clarified between the commissioner and his subordinate officials at prefecture level in the Song Dynasty, with the purpose of preventing the commissioner from intervening in his subordinate officials＇ judicial behavior. While in judicial practice, by taking advantage of bureaucracy and statutory prerogative, the commissioner has often been meddling with his subordinate officials in their trials and manipulating both trial procedures and outcome. Thus, the judicial process at prefecture level bears the feature of the commissioner＇s judicial autocracy. From the historical perspective of judicial system evolvement in Song Dynasties, the inclination to power constraint in the judicial system and the feature of the commissioner＇s autocracy in the judicial process coexisted, which rooted in the profound contradiction between the insurmountable ＂ancestors＇ doctrines＂ and the ＂traditional practices followed since Han and Tang Dynasties＂.