“术”与“道”:清王朝儒学接受的变容——以吉林文庙的设立为中心

“Shu(术)” and “dao(道)”:On the Transmutation of the Qing Dynasty's Acceptance of Confucianism:Centered on the Establishment of Jilin Confucian Temple

清朝的"儒学"受容,是一个极为复杂的过程。雍正皇帝虽对船厂(吉林)地区"设学立庙"的建议予以了否决,但不久后永吉州及其地方儒学的设立,表明其所反对的主要是"立庙",而非"建学"。这种与汉地"庙学合一"传统不尽相符的举措,显露出在此时清朝统治者的国家建构理念中,儒学更主要的还只是一种"治国之术"而非"安邦之道"。乾隆元年永吉州"文庙"的设立,标示着清朝统治者对儒学态度的一种深层转换,渐由一种"治国之术"向"安邦之道"的转化。乾隆于"文庙"中的"武功"宣示之举,使儒家的"文治"与八旗之"武功"得以有机融汇,也标示着在清朝统治者的心目中,儒学由"术"至"道"的一种内在体认。

The Qing Dynasty's acceptance of Confucianism was a complicated course.Though Yongzheng Emperor vetoed the suggestion to set a Confucian Temple in Chuanchang area,Jinlin,Confucianism school was established soon in Yongji(永吉) prefecture,which meant the Emperor objected the setting of Confucian temple,not Confucian school.This policy,which was different from the policy to unite the temple and school into one in Han-Chinese area,manifested that according to the Qing ruler's ideas of state building at that time,Confucianism was just tactics to rule the country,namely"shu",not the way to set the country on,namely "dao".In Qianlong period,the Confucian temple's setting in Yongji meant that the Qing ruler's attitude toward Confucianism had undergone a deep transmutation from the " shu" to manage the country,to " dao " to set the country on.The display of Military accomplishment in Confucian temple made the Confucian literary rule and Eight Banners' military accomplishment united naturally,which also showed that on the mind of the Qing rulers Confucianism had been identified as from "shu" to "dao".