康熙朝黑龙江驻防八旗“穷索伦”、站丁牛录考

A Study on the " Poor Solon" and the Courier Niu Lu of Heilongjiang's Eight Banner Garrison in the Kangxi Years

康熙年间,清廷征召布特哈贫苦牲丁入黑龙江驻防八旗为兵,分两批组建了十二个被时人称为"穷索伦"的牛录。第一批八牛录成军于康熙二十七年(1688)底,内有索伦牛录七个、达呼尔牛录一个;第二批四牛录成军于康熙二十九年夏,内有索伦牛录三个,以达呼尔为主的两族混编牛录一个。康熙二十九年冬,黑龙江北路科洛尔、喀勒塔尔锡、库穆尔、额叶楞古、坤等五处驿站的索伦、达呼尔站丁亦披甲从军,被编为三个混编牛录,其中二个以达呼尔人为主,一个以索伦人为主。穷索伦、站丁各牛录的驻地分布及所属旗色迭经调整,至康熙三十九年最终定型。清廷曾斥巨资帮助这部分官兵建家立业,对于改善其生计状况、提高其战斗力起到了积极作用。

In the Kangxi years,poor men who were recruited by the Qing government from Butha hunting tribe were sent to Heilongjiang's eight banner garrison and been organized into twelve so-called 'poor Solon' Niu Lu.The first batch of eight Niu Lu was established in the year-end of 1688,seven of which were composed by Solon and one of which was consisted of Daur.The second batch of four Niu Lu was established in the summer of 1690,three of which were composed by Solon and one of which mainly was consisted of Daur.In the winter of 1690,Solon and Daur couriers of five stations,including Korol,Kaltarhi,Kumur,Eyelenggu,and Kon in northern part of Heilongjiang,also been recruited in army and formed three mixed Niu Lu.Two of them mainly were composed by Daur,and the most members of another one were Solon.After several adjustments, ' poor Solon',courier Niu Lu's stationed places and belonged banners finally fixed at 1700.The Qing government had ever spent huge sums for these military officers and soldiers so as to help them built up their family property.This policy had played a positive role in improving their living conditions and enhancing their combat effectiveness.