作为团结机制的慈善及其困境——一则政治人类学分析

Philanthropy as Mechanism of Solidarity and Its Dilemma

团结是政治人类学意义上的普遍性的实践。在这个意义上,慈善可以被理解为一种团结机制。它以共同体内部的不平等为前提,从而创造精英与大众、强势与弱势、主流与边缘发生实质性联系的机会,在差异中建立普遍性的情感关联。新自由主义在全球范围内的扩张,为慈善机构替代原有的以工会为基础的团结机制创造了条件。具体到中国语境,单位制度的解体、贫富差距增大、制度性个人主义的兴起,都为慈善的发展创造了条件。和西方以社群主义主导的慈善不同,中国国家主导的慈善动员依靠爱心话语,即民族共同体内部的普遍性。近来慈善领域的"信任危机",也可以被理解为"团结危机",其根源是新自由主义制度下的国家与民族、个人与共同体之间的"双重断裂"。要克服慈善的困境,关键在于建立超越新自由主义治理逻辑的主体性、团结策略和普遍性话语。

From political anthropology perspective, reaching solidarity is to conduct unifying practices. In this sense, philanthropy could be understood as a mechanism that creates solidity, which preconditions on the unequal relationships among members of same communities, and thus creates opportunities of actual interactions between elites and masses,the advantaged and the disadvantaged, and mainstream and subaltern to generate emotional attachment among members of distinct social positions. It is safe to argue that both the rise and the crisis of philanthropy have to do with neoliberalism. To overcome the crisis that the institution of philanthropy needs to think beyond the logic of neoliberalism and to practice new forms of subjectification processes, tactics of solidarity and unifying discourse.