产业集聚的测度及其动态变化——基于北京企业微观数据的研究

Measuring Localization of Manufacturing Industries and Its Dynamics——Using Beijing Firm-level Data

针对国内产业集聚测度研究在方法、空间尺度以及行业层次选择等方面的不足,本文选择DO指数利用北京企业微观数据进行了不同空间尺度细化行业的产业集聚测度研究,并对产业集聚的动态变化进行了考察。结果表明:①40%的行业在5%的置信水平下是显著集聚的,集聚行业数量在1km处最大,最大集聚程度发生的空间尺度则相对较大;②高技术行业最集聚,多数行业集聚范围大而短距离内集聚程度不高,低技术的劳动密集型行业最分散,分散行业中有多个为重污染行业,分散尺度过大且分散程度高;③小企业是集聚的主体,大企业是集聚的主要推动力;④相同二位数行业下的三位数行业空间分布模式类似,大类行业与下属行业的分布模式有所不同;⑤随着时间发展,2/3的行业空间分布模式稳定,不会变得更加集聚或更加分散,其余1/3可能会更加集聚或更加分散,或者行业集聚区发生移动。因此,北京政府需采取措施改变大部分行业,尤其是高科技行业短距离集聚程度偏低的现状,可通过扶持、培养大企业等来提高集聚程度,促进形成集聚程度高、特色鲜明的产业集聚区;北京面临污染企业规模小、数量较多且分散程度高的局面,为实现"宜居城市"目标,需进行污染的控制和治理。

To avoid the problems relating to the choice of methods, spatial scale and level of industries in the measurement of industrial agglomeration, we chose the DO index proposed by Duranton and Overman to conduct researches on detailed location patterns of three-digit manufacturing industries at different spatial scale, and the dynamics of industry localization. We found that （!）40% of Beijing＇s manufacturing industries can be classified as localized at a 5% confidence level, the number of localized industries is largest for a distance of lkm, however, the largest extent of localization occurs at a larger spatial scale; ②High-tech industries are among the most localized, most of the industries localize over large scales and don＇t show high localization in short distances, the low-skilled and labor-intensive industries are the most dispersed, most of them belong to the polluting industries, they show high dispersion and disperse over large distances;③The majority of establishments in the agglomerated areas are small firms, and the localization at the industry level is driven by large establishments;④Related three-digit industries within the same branch tend to follow similar patterns, however, the distribution pattern of two-digit industries and its three-digit sub-sectors is different; ⑤Two-third of the industries neither become more localized nor more dispersed over time, the location pattern is stable, the remaining third may become more localized or more dispersed, or the clusters are moving. Therefore, Beijing government should take measures to improve the degree of industrial concentration, especially for high tech industries, it can improve the degree of industrial concentration and promote the formation of industrial parks with distinctive features through the formation and the implantation of large enterprises etc., to achieve the goal of becoming a “liveable city”, government should regulate the polluting industries with a lot of small and medium-sized enterprises and high degree of dispersion at large scales.