北冰洋大陆架划界现状

THE DELIMITATION OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN

北冰洋面积约1 300×104km2,周边国家对200 M(海里)大陆架及专属经济区的划界现状及对200 M外大陆架的诉求,对于我们参与北极科考具有十分重要的参考意义。大陆架与专属经济区的划界,美国与苏联已签署协定,美国国会已批准,但前苏联和俄罗斯未批准,这直接导致两国的海域争议不断。俄罗斯与挪威也已签署协议。美国与加拿大之间未签署协议,争议区超过7 000 M2。丹麦与加拿大已签署协议,完成划界,但存在汉斯岛的主权争议。挪威与丹麦及挪威与冰岛已完成划界。根据《联合国海洋法公约》第76条规定,北冰洋周边国家拥有确定北冰洋200 M外大陆架的权利。俄罗斯和挪威已提交200 M外大陆架划界方案,挪威对南森海盆西部的划界方案已得到大陆架界限委员会原则同意,但俄罗斯方案仍有很大的争议。作为《斯瓦尔巴条约》的签署国,斯瓦尔巴协定区,我们有权进入;因美国没有签署《联合国海洋法公约》,阿拉斯加北部大陆架及200 M外的楚科奇海台,都是我们进行科考的选择。此外,也可以通过国际合作,参与不同海域的科考和研究。

The Arctic Ocean covers an area of about 1 300 ×104 km2 .It is important that researchers involved in scientif-ic expeditions to the Arctic are aware of the delimitation of the continental shelf and the 200 nautical mile （ M） ex-clusive economic zone （EEZ）.The United States and the former Soviet Union have signed a treaty on the delimita-tion of the continental shelf and the EEZ .The treaty has been ratified by the American Congress , but not by the＆amp;nbsp;former Soviet Union , which has led to an ongoing dispute over maritime ownership rights between the two countries . Norway and Russia have also signed a delimitation treaty .Maritime boundaries between Canada and the United States remain unresolved , with an area of more than 7 000 m2 under dispute .Denmark and Canada have resolved disagreements about their borders , apart from the ownership of Hans Island .Agreements concerning the delimita-tions of the continental shelf between Norway and Denmark , and Norway and Iceland have been concluded .Ac-cording to Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea （UNCLOS）, coastal states are allowed to extend their sovereign rights beyond the usual 200 M.Russia and Norway have made official submissions to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf （ CLCS） to extend their EEZs beyond 200 M.The CLCS has effectively accepted Norway ’ s proposed outer limits for the western Nansen Basin but Russia ’ s proposal remains controversial .As one of the contracting parties to the Svalbard Treaty , China has access rights to the Svalbard treaty area.Because the United States has not ratified the UNCLOS , China can undertake scientific expeditions in the continental shelf north of Alaska and in the Chukchi Borderlands beyond 200 M from the coast .Furthermore , scien-tific expeditions and research can be carried out in different areas through international cooperation .