空间微生物控制技术综述

Review of Microbiological Control Technologies in Space and Development Proposals

空间微生物是长期载人航天面临的一个重大安全性问题,严重威胁航天员的生命健康和航天器的长期安全运行。载人航天器内微生物滋生会污染环境,导致航天员感染或生病,腐蚀材料,导致设备故障,在空间发生变异的微生物如被带回地球,还会威胁地球生态安全。空间微生物来源途径多样,种类复杂,且种群在航天环境下不断演变,控制难度大。空间微生物控制是在航天器的设计建造、在轨运行各阶段采取适当的监测、控制和防护措施,控制航天器的微生物水平,防范其风险。介绍了国际空间站飞行前和飞行阶段的微生物控制标准与监测要求,以及国外在载人航天器设计、消毒灭菌、洁净组装、发射及在轨飞行等阶段的微生物控制技术发展现状,并对我国空间微生物控制技术的发展提出建议。

Microbiological risk is a major concern in long-term manned missions , threatening the safety and health of astronauts and integrity of spacecrafts .Microbial contamination in manned spacecrafts may pollute the cabin environment , cause infection or sickness in crews , and induce bio-degradation of critical materials which may result in system failure .Moreover, undesired returning of microorganisms which have mutated under space environment could cause serious damages to ecosys -tem of the earth .Microbial contamination may come from many sources and be introduced during the processes of spacecraft assembly and launch preparation .A great variety of microorganisms have been identified in space .These microorganisms were thriving and evolving in the closed environ-ments within space vehicles and were hard to remove .Microbiological control tasks for manned spaceflight involve monitoring , control and preventive measures for microbial contamination during the whole space missions , with which to counteract or mitigate the microbiological risks .The pre-and in-flight microbiological specifications and monitoring requirements of the International Space Station, and the recent advances in microbiological control technologies during the design , steriliza-tion, clean assembly , launch and on-orbit flight of manned spacecrafts were reviewed in this paper . Also, a suggestion for the development of space microbiological control technologies in China was proposed .