兽药抗生素的环境暴露水平及其环境归趋研究进展

Research Progress on Environmental Exposure Levels and Environmental Fate of Veterinary Antibiotics

兽药抗生素作为治疗药物及饲料添加剂广泛应用于畜禽养殖业。文章通过对国内外4类普遍使用的兽药抗生素(四环素类,磺胺类,喹诺酮类,大环内酯类)使用量和使用情况进行对比,得到使用量的大致排列顺序为中国(亚洲)>美国(北美洲)>韩国(亚洲)>欧洲(丹麦,英国)>肯尼亚(非洲)>新西兰(大洋洲),各国对于不同种抗生素的使用比例也有所差异。并且结合兽药抗生素在不同暴露环节的环境行为特性,综述4类兽药抗生素在不同环境介质中的污染状况,总结影响兽药抗生素环境暴露水平的主要因素。目前兽药抗生素的暴露研究主要集中于针对单一环境介质的研究,今后可将研究重点放在探讨兽药抗生素在环境中纵向暴露链的作用机理与实际测量数据之间的内在联系,从中寻求降低环境中兽药抗生素污染的方法。

Veterinary antibiotics are widely used in livestock and poultry industry as therapeutic drugs and feed additives. Based on the usage comparison of four types of antibiotics such as tetracyclines, sulfonamides, quinolones, macrolides commonly used in veterinary medicine worldwide, the usage was ranked as China （Asia）〉 United States （North America）〉 South Korea （Asia）〉 European countries （Denmark, England）〉 Kenya （Africa）〉 New Zealand （Oceania）, and the proportion of antibiotics for different kinds of use varied in different countries. Contamination levels of four kinds of veterinary antibiotics in various environmental media were reviewed, and main factors on environmental exposure levels of veterinary antibiotics considering their environmental behavior in different exposure matrices were summarized. At present, veterinary antibiotic exposure researches mainly focuse on one single environmental media, and more attentions are needed on the intrinsic link between mechanism of approach to reduce veterinary antibiotic the environment vertical exposed chain and actual measured data,for seeking an environmental pollution.