土壤中人工防渗层的水分特征

Characteristics of soil moisture in artificial impermeable layers

针对旱地苹果园土壤硝态氮深层淋溶和干燥化加剧,造成水肥利用率不高问题,采用人工夯实的办法设置不同厚度(3或5 cm)土壤中人工防渗层(红黏土防渗层和黑垆土防渗层),研究其水分特性,以期找到一种提高旱地果园水肥利用率的新方法.结果表明:不同厚度土壤中人工防渗层可有效减少或阻断土壤水分入渗,具有防渗效果,其中,红黏土防渗层的防渗效果好于黑垆土防渗层.5 cm厚红粘土防渗层的土壤容重最高,初始入渗速率(0.033mm·min-1)和稳定入渗速率(0.018 mm·min-1)均最低,且经过夏季的干湿交替和冬季的冻融交替,其理化性质变化不大,年限的增加没有影响土壤水分的稳定入渗率.5 cm厚红黏土防渗层可有效提高上层土壤水分含量,有利于水分和养分利用率的提升,可以应用于果树生产.

For the problem of low water and fertilizer use efficiency caused by nitrate nitrogen leaching into deep soil layer and soil desiccation in dryland apple orchard, characteristics of soil moisture were investigated by means of hand tamping in order to find a new approach in improving the water and fertilizer use efficiency in the apple orchard. Two artificial impermeable layers of red clay and dark loessial soil were built in soil, with a thickness of 3 or 5 cm. Results showed that artificial impermeable layers with the two different thicknesses were effective in reducing or blocking water infiltration into soil and had higher seepage controlling efficiency. Seepage controlling efficiency for the red clay impermeable layer was better than that for the dark loessial soil impermeable layer. Among all the treatments, the red clay impermeable layer of 5 cm thickness had the highest bulk density, the lowest initial infiltration rate （0.033 mm·min-1） and stable infiltration rate （0.018 mm·min-1） among all treatments. After drywet alternation in summer and freezingthawing cycle in winter, its physiochemical properties changed little. Increase in years did not affect stable infiltration rate of soil water. The red clay impermeable layer of 5 cm thickness could effectively increase soil moisture content in upper soil layer which was conducive to raise the water and nutrient use efficiency. The approach could be applied to the apple production of dryland orchard.