公法哲学的两种进路——卡尔·施米特《宪法学说》评析

Two Approaches of Public Law Philosophy——A Review of Carl Schmitt's Verfassungslehre

《宪法学说》是施米特最为重要的公法哲学著作之一,其理路在于,紧急状态下的专政体现了国家的本质特征,而实定的宪法则是政治统一体的总体决断;由宪法律确立的议会民主不能超越政治决断本身,遇有这种危险发生,应当通过宪法律中的专政条款加以制止。相反,另一种公法哲学即自由主义进路则否定国家的自在性,认为国家的正当性只能从个人权利中推演出来,国家不能超越授权侵犯国民。尽管这两种公法哲学都有逻辑上的缺陷,但在不同国家、不同历史环境下实施的效果却不相同。选择适合本国土壤的公法模式并在实施过程中尽力弥补它的缺陷,才是公法哲学发展的正当路径。

Verfassungslehre is one of the most important public law works of Carl Schmitt. In the opinion of Schmitt, the dictatorship in the state of emergency indicates the essence of the state and the substantial constitution is the total resolution of the political unity. The parliamentary democracy determined by the constitutional law can not overcome the political resolution itself. In case of the danger mentioned above, we should prevent the danger from happening by the articles of dictatorship in the constitutional law. On the contrary, the other approach of public law philosophy--the liberal approach denies the autonomy of the state, asserting that the legitimacy of the state can be achieved only from the personal rights and the state can not encroach on people if it functions ultra vires. Although the two approaches contain logical drawback, they function differently in different countries and different historical environment. We should choose the public law mode that suits the Chinese conditions and remedy some drawbacks during the implementing process. This is a reasonable developmental approach of public law philosophy.