13家企业员工职业应激应对策略调查

Investigation of coping strategy for occupational stress among workers in thirteen enterprises

目的 探讨企业工人职业应激应对策略影响因素.方法 2008年11月至2009年6月,采取整群抽样方法,选取13家企业对6 711名工人进行匿名调查,用职业应激测量工具、工作内容问卷和付出-回报失衡问卷等测试工人的应对策略、职业应激因素、应激反应和社会支持.5 338名工人的资料进入最后的统计处理.总体应答率为79.6％.结果 调查对象的应对策略评分中位数为26（23～30）（P25～P75）.男性和女性调查对象的应对策略评分分别为（26.56±5.30）和（26.07±5.37）,差异有统计学意义（Z=10.02,P＜0.01）;管理人员应对策略评分最高（27.41±4.86）,一线工人应对策略评分最低（26.28±5.36）,差异有统计学意义（x2=5.38,P＜0.01）;每周工作时间≤40 h、41～50 h、51～59 h和≥60 h者应对策略评分分别为（26.93±5.36）、（26.72±5.11）、（25.74±5.30）和（25.09±5.83）,差异有统计学意义（x2=22.12,P＜0.01）.相关分析表明应对策略与决定水平（r=0.183,P＜0.01）、回报（r=0.207,P＜0.01）、正性情绪（r=0.244 P＜0.01）、上级支持（r=0.176,P＜0.01）、同事支持（r=0.176,P＜0.01）和工作满意感（r=0.171,P＜0.01）呈正相关,与心理需求（r=-0.157,P＜0.01）、躯体需求（r=-0.099,P＜0.01）、负性情绪（r=-0.093,P＜0.01）和抑郁症状（r=-0.208,P＜0.01）呈负相关.应对策略评分高组的决定水平、回报、社会支持、工作满意感和正性情绪评分高于应对策略评分中等水平或低水平者,而应对策略评分高组抑郁症状和负性情绪评分明显低于应对策略中等水平和低水平者,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 工人所在的企业类型、个体特征、工作时间、健康状况等对职业应激的应对策略存在影响.

Objective To investigate the influential factors for the coping strategy for occupational stress among workers in thirteen enterprises.Methods An anonymous survey was conducted in 6711 workers in 13 enterprises selected by cluster sampling from November 2008 to June 2009.Coping strategy,occupational stressors,stress response,and social support were measured using occupational stress instruments,job content questionnaire,and effort-reward imbalance questionnaire.The data from 5338 workers were statistically analyzed; the overall response rate was 79.6％.Results The median coping strategy score was 26 （23-30） （P25～ P75）.The coping strategy score of male workers （26.56±5.30） was significantly higher than that of female workers （26.07±5.37） （Z=10.02,P＜0.01）.Coping strategy score was the highest in managers （27.41±4.86） and the lowest in front-line workers （26.28±5.36）,with a significant difference between the two groups （x2=5.38,P＜0.01）.The coping strategy scores of workers with weekly job times of ≤40 h,41-50 h,51-59 h,and ≥ 60 h were 26.93±5.36,26.72±5.11,25.74±5.30,and 25.09±5.83,respectively （x2=22.12,P＜0.01）.Correlation analysis revealed that coping strategy score was positively correlated with decision level （r=0.183,P＜0.01）,reward （r=0.207,P＜0.01）,positive emotion （r=0.244,P＜0.01）,superior support （r=0.176,P＜0.01）,coworker support （r=0.176,P＜0.01）,and job satisfaction （r=0.171,P＜0.01）,but negatively correlated with psychological demands （r=-0.157,P＜0.01）,physical demands （r=-0.099,P＜0.01）,negative emotion （r=-0.093,P＜0.01）,and depressive symptoms scores （r=-0.208,P＜0.01）.Compared with those with middle or low coping strategy scores,workers with high coping strategy scores reported higher decision level,reward,social support,job satisfaction,and positive emotion scores （P＜0.01） but lower depressive symptom and negative emotion scores （P＜0.01）.Conclusion Enterprise type,individual factors,health status,and work time,have effects on the coping strategy for occupational stress of occupational stress.