土壤、土地利用多样性及其与相关景观指数的关联分析

Correlative analysis among pedodiversity, land use diversity and the other related ecological indexes

土壤作为人类赖以生存的物质基础,与土地利用之间存在密切联系,土壤类型及属性的差异很大程度上决定了土地利用的方式,同时土地利用方式的不同也间接地改变着土壤类型、性质及功能多样性的格局。在人地矛盾、人与自然矛盾不断加剧的今天,研究土地和土壤的空间分布格局变化及两者之间的交互关系具有重要意义。利用土壤多样性理论和景观生态学原理综合分析土壤、土地利用类型的空间分布格局,并借助空间网格的概念量化分析土壤和土地利用类型的空间分布情况。以河南省中南部样区为研究对象,利用仙农熵变形公式计算了1 km×1 km、3 km×3 km、5 km×5 km 3种网格尺度下的土壤和土地利用的空间分布多样性和各县市的土壤和土地利用构成组分多样性,运用ArcGIS探讨了多样性指数与景观指数之间的关联性,综合评价研究区的土壤类型空间分布与土地利用空间分布格局的相互性。研究表明:同一种土壤和土地利用类型的空间分布多样性指数在异网格尺度下具有相似的分异规律;土地利用与土壤类型的构成组分多样性之间不具有明显的相关性,土壤类型均匀分布的地区,土地利用类型不一定会均匀分布,而两者的平均斑块面积之间具有明显的相关性,土壤斑块的大小对土地利用斑块的大小影响较大,土壤类型的空间分布特征在一定程度上,将影响土地利用的空间分布格局和变化过程;土壤类型的面积指数、平均斑块面积指数分别与土壤空间分布多样性之间具有较好的相关性,相关系数分别为r2=0.990、r2=0.599。而土地利用的面积指数、平均斑块面积指数与土地利用空间分布多样性指数之间的相关性较差,相关系数分别为r2=0.437、r2=0.034。土壤的平均斑块形状指数与多样性指数之间存在一定正相关关系,相关系数为r2=0.612;但土地利用的形状指数与多样性之间具有较好的相关性,相关系数高达r2=0.895。人类活动对土地利用格局的干扰程度比较强烈,而对土壤类型的影响相对较小。

Soil as a material for human survival has a close relationship with the land use .Differences in soil types and attributes definitely determine the way of land use.The relationship for spatial distribution change between soil and land is very important when today there has conflict between human and nature. Based on recently developed pedodiversity theory and landscape ecology,the spatial distribution of soil and land are analysed and also quantified by Shannon entropy at spatial grids. The soil and land use spatial distribution diversity index and composition distribution diversity in different grid scales of 1km×1km ,3km×3km and 5km×5km for the research areas in the central Henan province were calculated by using the modified Shannon entropy formulate. ArcGIS is used to explore the correlation between diversity index and landscape indices before an evaluation of soil type and land use type spatial distribution. Results show that the spatial distribution diversity of the same soil type or land use type had similar variation in different grid scales; Comparing the soil and the land use types, slight correlation is found between the composition distribution diversity of land use and soil that land use types are sometimes not as evenly distributed as the soil types within the same area, while a good positive relationship between the MPS from soil and land use types. This implies that the size of soil patch had an obvious effect on the size of land use type and the spatial distribution of soil types may affect land use structure and change;There was a positive correlation between PLAND of soil types and soil spatial distribution diversity, the correlation index was 0.990;There also was a positive correlation between MPS and soil spatial distribution diversity, the correlation index was 0.599 . But there was not a clear correlation between PLAND, MPS and spatial distribution diversity of land use types;There was a positive correlation between MSI of soil and soil spatial distribution diversity, R2=0.612; There was an more obviously positive correlation between MSI and spatial distribution diversity of land use types, R2=0.895. So the main finding may be that human activities made much more interference on land use patterns than on soil types.