解构暴力体系和体系暴力:德里达论逻各斯/卡夫卡写流放地

Deconstructing Violent Systems and Systemized Violence:Derrida on Logocentrism and Kafka on the Penal Colony

德里达曾说,二元对立代表的是暴力的等级秩序。解构的严肃目的,必然针对暴力体系,亦即逻各斯中心结构。这种体系的体系性(结构的结构性),在于把压迫性的权柄化为绝对真理,将人性异化为奴性,以此维持体系的稳定。卡夫卡的流放地是一个讽喻,可指任何禁锢自由的神学、政治、经济或意识形态的结构。德里达说的逻各斯中心,指奉为真理的名号等于一个世界。流放地的老统帅已死,他的话仍然等于整个流放地的结构。他所设计的"机器"还保持着体系赋予的施暴功能。卡夫卡还揭示,体系的支撑需要各种各样的奴隶,不仅包括军官和士兵,而且包括受刑人和茶馆里的老统帅的信众。内化的奴性,竟然可以让死人吞噬活人。

Derrida suggests that classical binary opposition in fact represents'a violent hierarchy'.Deconstruction,in its seriousness,exposes logocentric structures as systems of violence.The'structurality of structure'is such that it justifies repressive power as absolute truth,alienates man as slaves in order to stabilize the system.Kafka's'penal colony'is an allegory for any freedom-restricting structure,be it theological,political,economical or ideological.In logocentricism,a word of presence equals a world and its truth.That is why the'word'of the dead Old Commandant still controls the whole structure of the colony,and the'appratus'still maintains its violent functions.Kafka also shows how the stability of the system needs various slaves,including not only the Officer and the Soldier but also the Condemned and the believers in the Tea House.The structure of enslavement,when internalized,even enables the dead to devour the living.