游牧行国的内涵及其特点——多民族国家视角下游牧和农耕族群互动研究

Connotation and Characteristics of Nomadic Nations——Research on the Interaction between Nomadic and Farming Groups from the Perspective of Multi-ethnic Country

通过对北部草原地区游牧行国的内涵及其特点的分析,可以看出"游牧行国"和"王朝藩属"一定程度上能够概括分别以游牧和农耕为主要生业的两大族群。游牧行国有一个以游牧为生业的族群作为行国凝聚的核心力量;拥有一个被称为单于或可汗,类似于中原农耕王朝皇帝的行国权力核心;拥有一支以骑兵为主体的军队,维持和发展着行国体制的运转;拥有一套维持行国体制运转的以十、百、千等数量为单位设置的管理体系;具有以一定继承关系的价值体系为核心的游牧文化等构成了游牧行国的主要特征。游牧行国的发展轨迹:最初分布着星罗棋布的众多小的族群,之后不断凝聚、壮大,发展成为一些规模不等的,以某一族群为核心的游牧行国。在不同时期,草原上游牧行国的存在数量取决于游牧行国实力的对比,变化是其常态,但游牧族群的凝聚却是一直在进行着。至蒙元时期游牧行国的发展步入了一个新的阶段,游牧族群逐渐蒙古化是其凝聚结果。

This paper proposed that ＂nomadic nations＂ and ＂dynasty and vassal＂ could, to some extent, be the generalization of means of livelihood of two groups ： nomadism and faming. The group taking nomadism as the livelihood formed the nation to concentrate the core power, which included someone called Chanyu or Khan, as the power center of the emperor; which included an army mainly formed by cavalry to maintain and develop the operation of the nation; which also included a management system taking numbers like ten, hundred and thousand as the unit to maintain the operation of the nation system; which in addition included the main characteristics of nomadic nations formed by the nomadic culture oriented by value system with some inheritance relationship. Development path of nomadic nations was that in the initial stage, small groups spread all over the place then they united and expanded, and developed into nomadic nations of various sizes and oriented by one certain group. Until the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, nomadic nations had entered into a new phase, and the crystallization was that nomadic nations gradually were with the characteristics of Mongolia.