尼达洛斯主教座堂,一座历史纪念物的营造

The Cathedral of Nidaros,Building a Historic Monument

尼达洛斯主教座堂——挪威特隆赫姆的中世纪大教堂,规模与复杂程度在欧洲北陲罕见,其衰败与重建的历史精采纷呈,是显示过去150年保护与修复理论变化的活教材。今天,公众中鲜有人了解大教堂结构的很大一部分是现代重建。而于1869年开工前,即有批评者告诫修复工程或将制造一个伪撰的纪念物。然而,(修复)工作予我们今天所见的精采室内效果则是基于对后来所发现墙垣断片的精心缀辑,呈现出其十三世纪时状况的真实可信印象。问题出现在没有发现残存遗迹的室外上部。这些部分留给后继建筑师想象,并受到持续争议。这是挪威最重要的历史纪念建筑,体现了国家象征意义的丰富多样性。对于十九世纪的国家建造者,该主教座堂被诠释为国家圣殿,代表着由强劲繁荣经衰落而又重新创建的国家历史。从构思重建基于缺乏佐证的类推,它继而成为一个与历史遗存相和谐的"诚实"建筑设计创造,而今天则可评价作一个建筑修复历史的纪念物。

Nidarosdomen, the medieval cathedral of Trondheim, Norway, of a size and complexity rare in this northern outskirt of Europe, is remarkable in its history of decay and reconstruction, resulting in a living textbook that makes visible the changing theories of restoration and conservation during the last 150 years Today, few among the public realize that a large part of the cathedral＇s fabric is a modern reconstruction. But even before the works were commenced in 1869, critics warned that the restoration project would create a fake monument. The works that gave us the splendid interior of today were, however, based on a meticulous compilation of disconnected fragments found in later walls, rendering a reliable impression of its 13th century state. The problems rose with the upper parts of the exterior, of which no remnants were found. These parts were left to the successive architects＇ imagination, and were subject to continuous controversy.It is Norway＇s most important historical monument and embodies a variety of symbolic meanings for the nation. For the 19th century nation builders, the cathedral was construed as the national sanctuary, representing the national history -- from strength and prosperity through decay to new reconstruction. From being conceived of as a reconstruction based on analogies where evidence was lacking, it was continued as an ＇honest＇ creative architectural design in harmony with the historical remains, and today can be valued as a monument to the history of restoration.