我国农民工职业安全卫生现状及影响因素分析

Status quo and determinants on the occupational safety and health of rural migrants in China

目的:分析我国农民工职业安全卫生的现状和存在的问题。方法:基于第三期中国妇女社会地位调查数据,对变量进行描述分析、卡方检验和回归分析。结果:43.0%的被访农民工在劳动环境中存在粉尘、噪声、过量负重、长时间立(蹲)位作业、化学毒物等职业安全卫生风险,农民工发生安全事故和患职业病的比例达5.3%,性别和年龄因素对其影响显著。结论:农民工社会保障覆盖有限、职业安全卫生培训欠缺、防护措施不足以及流动性较强、工作不稳定等因素对其职业安全卫生的影响最为突出。建议:健全工伤医疗保险相关制度,强化用人单位的参保责任;加强职业安全卫生培训,拓展农民工职业健康保护;整合职能、增强力量,提升职业安全卫生防护监管水平;设立安全事故和职业病救助基金,建设农民工职业安全卫生保护网。

Objective：To describe the status and issues on occupational safety and health of rural migrant in China.Methods：Based on the third China Women Social Status Survey,a basic description,statistical test and logistic model were used to answer the research prompt.Results：43.0％ of the surveyed rural migrants are faced with the risks of occupational safety and health and 5.3 ％ of the surveyed rural migrants encountered accidents and occupational diseases.The results from the estimated model suggest that age and gender are statistically significant determinants of rural migrant occupational safety and health.Conclusion：Rural migrants are vulnerable especially in persisting occupational safety and health problems due to a lack of social security,vocational training,and protective measures.Additionally,the high mobility and job insecurity of rural migrants are also important determinants.Conclusions：Firstly,employment injury insurance and medical insurance should be improved,and employer responsibilities should be emphasized.Secondly,occupational safety and health training should be enhanced,and rural migrant occupational health protection should be developed.Third,different government agencies should be integrated to stengthen regulation.Lastly,assistance funds for accidents and occupational diseases should be established in order to develop a protective network for rural migrants.