兩漢的郡兵調動:以“郡國”、“州郡”的行政變化爲背景

The Mobilization of Commandery Soldiers in Han Dynasties: Within the Background of Executive Evolution of “Jun Guo”and“Zhou Jun”

秦漢地方從戍卒羣體中,選拔保持有常備兵。在郡作爲橫向派生的軍事、行政區出現後,這些地方兵在訓練、調動上呈現郡兵性質。郡兵活動一般受郡界限制。發生動亂後,根據動亂的範圍、性質,政府會采取不同等級的應對措施。從地域整合角度,"州"一級的軍事作用愈受重視。西漢後期,刺史、州牧的制度反覆,並未涉及州軍事職能的增減。州的相關權力,實際在新莽後始得發展。更始、東漢受王莽政權影響,州軍事權力大增,但地方兵主要仍然是郡兵。東漢初雖罷郡國兵,但地方後來仍保留一定規模的常備兵。

The governments of Qin and Han Dynasties chose regular forces from garrison soldiers, and provided maintenance for them.Commandery's arising as local military and administrative unit in China forged the character of these local soldiers in terms of training and mobilization. Commandery soldier always operated within the scope of commandery. The government would take different measures against insurrections according to their scope and nature. Considering local integration, the military role played by administrative unit province became increasingly important. However,in last years of Western Han,the shakeup of commandery and provincial governor institution had little impact on the military function of province. On the contrary, province gained more power after Wang Mang 's usurpation,and under its influence,province 's military privilege greatly increased in Eastern Han. The abolishment of commandery soliders in early years of Eastern Han did not involve direct change of province and its governors. In Eastern Han Dynasty the local soldiers still belonged to commandery forces and there were an amount of regular forces.