草海国家级自然保护区冬季主要水鸟群落结构与生境的关系

Relationship of Community Structure of Main Waterfowl With Habitat in Caohai National Nature Reserve in Winter

于2011年12月至2012年2月对草海湿地国家级自然保护区冬季主要水鸟进行调查,结果表明:(1)共记录草海主要越冬水鸟30种,隶属于6目10科17属,区系上以古北型与全北型居多;(2)雁形目水鸟种类与数量均占优势,白骨顶(Fulica atra)、赤颈鸭(Anas penelope)、斑头雁(Anser indicus)、赤麻鸭(Tadorna ferruginea)、赤膀鸭(Anas strepera)5种水鸟优势度均达10%以上,黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)和灰鹤(Grus grus)等珍稀水鸟也具一定的种群数量;(3)5种草海典型生境栖息的水鸟种类与数量存在显著差异(Kruskal-Wallis H Test:n=30,!2=16.1893,P=0.003),浅水区是水鸟多样性最丰富的区域,多样性指数(H'=1.079)和均匀性指数(J'=0.804)均最高,而耕地最低(H'=0.345;J'=0.493);(4)群落聚类显示,草海主要水鸟可分为7类伴生群落,不同群落在不同生境中分布存在一定差异。

The information on waterfowl community structure and habitat utilization is critical for protection and management of the wetland waterfowl. Field surveys on winter waterfowl in the Caohai Nature Reserve were conducted during December 2011 to February 2012. Results show that 30 species of waterfowl were recorded,belonging to 17 genera and 10 families of 6 orders,and dominatd with Plaeonaretic species and Holarctic species in fauna. Waterfowl of the Anseriformes are the dominant group both in species and population,consisting of five species,i. e. Fulica atra,Anas penelope,Anser indicus,Tadorna ferruginea,and Anas strepera,all beyond 10% in dominancy. However,some rare species like Grus nigricollis and Grus grus also have a certain size of population. Apparent differences were observed between five habitats typical of Caohai in species composition and population of waterfowl inhabiting therein( Kruskal-Wallis H Test:!2=16. 1893,P = 0. 003). The shallow water zones are the richest among the 5 typical habitats in species diversity of waterfowl and also the highest in Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H' = 1. 079) and evenness index(J' = 0. 804),whereas,the cultivated land is the lowest in all the three indices(H' = 0. 345;J' = 0. 493). Clustering analysis of waterfowl communities shows that the waterfowls in Caohai could be sorted into seven concomitant communities,which varied in distribution with habitat. Therefore,more efforts should be made accordingly on protection and management of the shallow water zone and cultivated land to promote conservation of waterfowl diversity and benign cycling of the wetland ecosystem in Caohai.