现象学与自然主义

Phenomenology and Naturalism

“自然主义”是一个充满歧义的标签，应该在“当代性”（contemporaneity）和“现代性”（modernity）的对比中，相对于多个“主义”来进行探讨。孔德说过，人类思维——无论个体思维还是群体思维——都不可避免地要先后经历“神学”“形而上学”和“实证”三个理论阶段。

In the phenomenological movement,especially of its French phase,there is an extreme tension among early modernity,late modernity and contemporaneity.Because there is a correspondence between early modernity and idealism,between late modernity and spiritualism,and between contemporaneity and materialism,the positions of phenomenology towards naturalism lie in how its idealist form,spiritualist form and materialist form respectively treat the Nature and Human Nature.Transcendental idealism,contrary to the empirical one,insists on criticizing all kinds of naturalism,spiritualism criticizes only scientific naturalism,and materialism gives us a kind of naturalism of life,which denounces both scientific and cultural naturalism.