《论素朴的诗与感伤的诗》中的美学思想———文学类型论

The aesthetic thought in On the Simple and Sentimental Poetry——on the theory of literary type

席勒的《论素朴的诗与感伤的诗》以素朴的诗与感伤的诗的对立统一辩证发展观为指导,建构了西方美学史上最为独特的文学类型论。它根据素朴诗人的创作方法一致与感伤诗人的创作方法不同,把素朴的诗作为文学的一个大类,与感伤的诗相对立;再把感伤的诗分为讽刺诗、哀歌诗两小类,又把讽刺诗划分为激情的讽刺诗和嬉戏的讽刺诗,而把哀歌诗划分为狭义的哀歌和广义的牧歌。席勒的这种文学类型论在西方美学史和文学史上是空前绝后的。它的意义在于,这种分类的依据不仅仅是文学作品的客观条件,更主要的是诗人(文学家)处理人与自然的关系的态度及其创作方法,突出了文学艺术的人性、主体性、创造性。尽管席勒的文学类型论并没有成为文学史的共识,但是,它却给文学类型论打开了更加广阔的实践本体论的发展空间。

On the Simple and Sentimental Poetry, written by Schiller, takes the concept of dialectical development as the instruction, in which finding a place with the poem of the unity of opposite to constructing the most unique literary theory of types in the history of Western Aesthetics. According to the characteristics of creation method between simple poet and sentimental poet, the simple poem serves as a large class of literature, and the opposite is sentimental poem; then the sentimental poem is divided into satirical poem and elegiac poem, and the satirical poem is divided into the passion satirical poems and the play satirical poem, and the elegiac poem is divided into narrow elegy and the broad pastoral. Schiller＇ s literature theory in the history of Western Aesthetics and literary history is unprecedented and unrepeatable. Its significance lies in that the basis of the classification is not merely on the objective condition of literary works; what is more important, the attitude of poet （writer） to handle the relationship between man and nature and the creation methods of poet highlighting the human nature, subjectivity, creativity in art and literature. Although the theory of Schiller＇ s literary types does not become the consensus of literature history, it opens the space to develop wider practical ontology for the theory of literature type.