交互文化主义与多元文化主义之争——加拿大的案例分析

Interculturalism versus Multiculturalism:A Case Study of Canada

加拿大魁北克省长期以来一直在国内寻求承认其独特地位。特鲁多政府于1971年起在全国范围内推行多元文化主义政策,此项政策的出台等同于把作为加拿大"两个建国民族"之一的法裔魁北克人降低至与其他民族同等的地位,从而挫败了魁北克民族主义者为该省寻求独特地位的愿望。然而,随着寂静革命为魁北克社会带来的深刻变革,魁北克更加坚定地踏上了自己的民族构建之路。20世纪70年代起,交互文化主义模式的元素开始在魁北克酝酿,以此作为对联邦多元文化主义的回应。交互文化主义模式受到西方学界关注,许多学者甚至认为交互文化主义在增强族裔文化多元社会的整合和凝聚力上比多元文化主义更具优势;它在公共政策及现实政治中亦开始崭露头角。本文通过跨学科的视角考察魁北克交互文化主义的发展历程及最新的统计数据,不难发现交互文化主义与多元文化主义虽然在目前实践中存在相似之处,但二者在管理民族、文化多样性上仍然存在着本质差异。交互文化主义的整合模式在魁北克的实践中是卓有成效的。

The province of Quebec has long since been striving for its distinct status in Canada. However, the official launch of the muhicuhural policy by the Trudeau government in 1971 foiled the aspirations of Qu6b6eois nationalists through reducing Francophone Quebeckers as one of the ＂two founding peoples＂ to the same level as other peoples within the Canadian polity. However, with the profound societal changes the Quiet Revolution brought about, Quebec began get into strides on its nation-building, gradually taking the form of an ＂intercultural＂ model as a response to federal Canadian multicuhuralism. Though loosely defined thus far, the intercuhuralism model is contrasted positively with muhicuhuralism by many scholars in terms of achieving the integration and cohesion in an ethnocuhurally pluralistic society; and it is even favoured in the realms of public policy and realpolitik. An interdisciplinary examination of the trajectory of Quebec intercuhuralism and of the latest statistics indicates that federal Canadian muhieuhuralism and Quebec intercuhuralism, notwithstanding the resemblance they share in praxis for the present, are two essentially heterogeneous philosophies in managing ethnic and cultural diversity. The integration model of intereulturalism proves to be effective in Quebec＇s practice.