城市形态的生态与环境效应

Ecological and Environmental Effect of Urban Form

城市形态是城市实体的空间构成,特定的城市形态会产生与之对应的生态与环境效应。文章通过总结整理前人的研究,把城市形态的生态与环境效应归纳为直接效应与间接效应两类,其中直接效应包括微气候效应、水文效应以及生物效应,间接效应包括生态足迹、碳排放、空气污染等。城市形态可以从宏观、中观、微观三个尺度上对生态环境产生作用,宏观尺度的城市形态主要影响栖息地面积、景观连接度等,中观尺度的城市形态主要影响地表气温、水文、生态足迹、碳排放等,微观尺度的城市形态主要影响区域的生物多样性、地表气温等。造成这些效应的具体作用过程以及效应的定量化还有待进一步研究。

Urban form refers to the structure of the city space. Specific urban form will lead to corresponding ecological and environmental effects. This article summarized the previous studies, divided the ecological and environmental effects of urban form into direct effects and indirect effects. Direct effects include micro-climate effects, the hydrological effects as well as the biological effects. Indirect effects include the ecological footprint, carbon emissions and air pollution. Urban form can have an effect on the ecological environment from the macro-scale, meso-scale and micro-scale. Macro scale urban form affects the habitat area and landscape connectivityl Meso-scale urban form affects the surface temperature, hydrology, ecology footprint, and carbon emissions. Micro-scale urban form affects the biodiversity of the area, surface air temperature. Quantitative description of the specific effects the lack of research in this area, urban form data with high accuracy combined with computer model simulations may help to solve this problem.