域外司法问责研究——以主体、事由与程序为中心的考察

On the Extraterritorial Judicial Accountability:An Investigation Focusing on the Subject,Reason and Procedure

域外司法问责以美、法、德、日等诸国最为发达,其制度的核心架构由问责主体、事由和程序来建构,并在规制法官行为与维护司法独立之间实行审慎平衡原则。因而问责主体的设置在强调立法权、行政权对司法权制衡的同时,又突出了司法自治主义;问责事由的确定既要从维护司法公信力角度来对法官言行实行严格标准,又要避免对法官司法裁判的不当干涉;问责程序的选择决定了惩戒的轻重,是以一种多元化、多层次的方式来进行,可以使不同主体均有机会启动司法问责,在对法官形成有效威慑的同时又提供了必要的保护。

Extraterritorial judicial accountability is rather developed in the United States, France, Germany, Japan and some other countries. The core of the system is constructed by accountability subject, reason and procedure. It emphasizes a prudent balance between the principle of judicial independence and the regulation of judges＇ behavior. Thus, the subject setting emphasizes legislative, executive checks and balances on the judicial power, and also highlights the doctrine of judicial self government. When determining accountability reason, the safeguard judicial credibility must have strict standards as well as avoiding improper interference. Accountability procedure ＇ s selection determines the degree of punishment and it should adopt diversified and multi-level ways, which is fair to different subjects and protects the judges as well as restricting them.