冷战初期美国对拉美外交政策的转变

The Transformation of US Foreign Policies towards Latin America in the Early Cold War Era

冷战初期,杜鲁门政府通过组建美洲政治军事集团、提供军事援助完成了战后美国对拉美政策的第一次转变,即由反法西斯的外部入侵向抵御共产主义的外部影响,同时奠定了冷战时期美国对拉美政策的基调——战略利益是防止共产主义在拉美扩大影响,经济利益是促进美国在拉美的自由贸易和投资。第一届艾森豪威尔政府的拉美政策基本遵循了这一原则。20世纪50年代中后期,美国的战略优势地位不断下降,第二届艾森豪威尔政府通过对拉美政策的两次调整实现了第二次转变:战略目光由重点关注冷战前线地区演变为前线和后方兼顾,开始更多地关注拉美等第三世界国家和地区的冷战形势;战略手法由强调军事援助,逐渐演变为突出经济援助和经济建设,以遏制共产主义在拉美的发展。

In the early Cold War era,the Truman Administration effected the first transformation of US policies toward Latin America through establishing American political military group and providing military aids. The policy change was manifested from countering external influence of Fascism to defense against the external influence of Communism. These policies set the tone for US general policies towards Latin America in the Cold War era,which politically protect the Western Hemisphere from the attack of Communism; and economically promote US free trade and investment in Latin America. The US Latin American policies in the first term of the Eisenhower Administration generally followed this principle. In the middle and late 1950 s,the US strategic advantage continued to decline.During his second term as president,Eisenhower made two adjustments on the policies toward Latin America,which brought about a second transformation. The strategic vision shifted from the focus on the Cold War frontier to an equal emphasis on both the front line and back line. Attention was now directed to the Cold War situation in the Third World regions including Latin America. The strategic approach shifted from military aids as a way of preventing the external impact of Communism to resisting internal infiltration from Communism through emphasizing economic aids and economic construction.