保守与激进——论马丁·路德与反抗暴君理论

Martin Luther and the Theory of Resistance

马丁·路德是16世纪宗教改革中的关键性人物,在反抗暴君理论发展过程中发挥了重要作用。在反抗暴君问题上,他的立场经历了显著变化:最初,路德的"两个国度"划分导致了反抗世俗统治者问题的出现,但与此同时,他又反对民众反抗世俗统治者的行为,坚持消极反抗的立场。16世纪20年代末期,路德开始由保守转向激进,他先是赞同了立宪主义的反抗学说,而后又部分接纳了自然法的反抗理论。路德在反抗问题立场上的种种变化反映了其思想上保守与激进的冲突,体现了16世纪这一特殊历史时期封建体系与自然权利体系的交锋以及封建力量与绝对君权的对抗。

As the key role of the Reformation in the sixteenth century,Martin Luther had a great influence on the development of the resistance theory. There was a significant change on his viewpoint. While his'two kingdoms'theory had brought to the necessary of resistance,he opposed the rebellion of the peasants against the lords. He turned to radical attitude at the end of 1520 s,when he was in favor of the constitutional resistance theory at first,and then of the resistance theory of natural law in part.Luther's variation in the resistance problem had shown the conflicts between the radicalization and conservatism of his thought,reflecting the confrontation between the feudalism and the ideological system of natural right,as well as that between the feudal powers and the absolute monarchy in the sixteenth century.