群体与阶级：20世纪二三十年代武汉纱厂工人--兼论近代中国工人阶级的形成

Group and Class:Wuhan Mill Workers in the 1930s——And the Formation of the Working Class in Modern China

数以万计的武汉纱厂工人,有着相似的生活方式与精神诉求,共同与工厂"规训"相抗衡,由此为中国共产党、国民党的社会动员提供可能。中共力图塑造认同"阶级斗争"的工人,"五卅"后加强对纱厂工人的动员。北伐后,在国民党左派"扶助"下、中共领导的纱厂工会向资方厉行"阶级斗争",为工人争得诸多权利。但这种政治上的权利超出资方所能承受的供给能力,致使工厂关停、市场衰乱,中共转而要求工人停止阶级斗争,国民党左派则镇压共产党及其工会,国共合作随之破裂。"宁汉合流"后,武汉党政军机关倡行劳资合作,先后对纱厂工会进行改组和整理,但未能达到预期目标,劳资双方仍是纠纷频仍。纱厂工人出于生存需求,在斗争与合作之间自行选择自己的抗争方式,缺乏阶级认同;他们虽不乏斗争性,但不能团结,缺乏自我认同。纱厂工人未能形成一个实在的阶级,而只是一个群体。中国近代工人阶级形成不是先验的理论预设,而是复杂多变的历史关系的产物。

Tens of thousands workers in Wuhan textile mill had similar lifestyles and spiritual pursuit. They countered with the ＂discipline＂ of factory, which made it possible to social mobilize for the Communist Party of China （CP） and the Kuomintang （KMT）. The CP tried to shape workers who might identify with the class struggle. After the May Thirtieth Movement, they further enhanced the mobilization to the mill works. After Northern Expedition, with the KMT leftist＇s help, the workers led by the CP struggled against the capitalists so as to strive for more rights. However, the political rights went beyond the capability of adapting of the capitalists, which induced the factory closing and market failure. In this case, the CP turned to ask workers to stop the class struggle, while the KMT leftist suppressed of the CP and its labor unions, which broke down the Kuomintang-Communist cooperation. After ＂Ning-Han collaboration＂, the Party, government, and military officer in Wuhan proposed the labor-capital cooperator, and reorganized and adjusted the labor union of mills. However, their efforts were far from the expected goals, and disputes between labor and capitalists cropped up frequently. For the existence needs, the worker choose fight way by themselves but lacked of class identity because they are not solidarity, nor self-identification. The labors were only a group rather than a real class. Formation of working class in modern China was not a priori theoretic hypothesis, but a historical product under the complex and volatile relationship.