苏共权力结构模式演变的历史考察

Historical Review on Evolution of Power Structure Model of CPSU

一定程度上看,一部苏共党史也是一部权力结构演变史。苏共执政74年间,列宁初创并适时否定了"议行合一"战时权力结构,继而开创了无产阶级执政党第一个"议行监分开"的等腰三角形权力结构,成为推进国家治理和权力结构现代化的典范。但是,斯大林抛弃了列宁的顶层原则和伟大实践,创制并固化了决策权、执行权和监督权高度重合的"议行监合一"权力结构模式。对苏共国家治理体系中的这一领导制度,赫鲁晓夫在局部反思和枝节改良中反弹和回归,勃列日涅夫在维稳抑变中固化和极化,痛失苏共推进国家治理和权力结构现代化的最佳时机,戈尔巴乔夫则在急进式、跨越式的改革中破产和解体。

To a certain extent, a party history of the CPSU is an evolutionary history of power structure. During the ruling 74 years of CPSU, Lenin initiated and dismissed the wartime power structure of ＂combination of legislative and executive powers＂ in good time, and then created the first isosceles triangular power structure of ＂division of legislation, execution and supervision＂ of the proletariat ruling party, which became the brilliant model of promoting national governanee and modernization of power structure. Stalin abandoned Lenin＇ s top principle and great practice, created and perpetuated the power structure model of ＂combination of legislation, execution and supervision＂, in which legislation, execution and supervision were highly overlapping. About the guidance system in the system of national governance of CPSU, Khrushchev rebounded and retreated in the partial retrospection and improvement in minor details; Brezhnev perpetuated and polarized in maintaining stability and restraining changes, and lost the best opportunity of promoting national governance and modernization of power structure; Gorbaehev brought Soviet Union to go bankrupt and break up in the aggressive and leapfrog reform.