文字留村与村落重振:乡村学校嬗变与村落发展探析

Retaining Intelligence-in-Villages and Reviving Village Culture:A Research on the Evolution of Rural Schools and the Village Development

基于对举水学校百年变迁的追踪研究发现,乡村学校的兴衰与乡村文化传承及村落发展息息相关。在始自19世纪晚期至20世纪末的"文字下乡"运动中,由地方政府、民间乡绅及村级组织合力推动了乡村学校教育的发展,有效地传承了乡村文化,延续了村落发展。从21世纪初开始的由社会、政府及村民"共谋"推行的"文字上移",虽然促进了农村基础教育自身的发展,但却加速了乡村文化的断裂。而为了应对"文字上移"给村落发展带来的负面影响,目前村民们正在逐步地"文化自觉",试图通过村落的集体动员,延续"文字留村",谋求村落重振。因此,在城乡一体化进程中,必须加强农村基础教育,传承发展乡村文化,为农村发展提供文化软实力。

A tracking study on the changes of Jushui School over the past century finds that the vicissitudes of rural schools are closely related to the rural culture inheritance and the rural development. In the movement of the ＂Intelligence- to-countryside＂ which dated from the late nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century, the local government, squires and village organizations jointly promoted the development of rural school education, thus the rural culture heritage has been effectively passed down and the villages have been continu- ously developed. The ＂Intelligence Upward Movement＂, which was carried out by the society, government and villagers together since the early twenty-first century, has promoted the development of the elementary education in rural areas, but has speeded up the discontinuity of the rural culture. In order to eliminate such a negative impact to the village development, the villagers are currently building up the cultural consciousness, motivating all villagers to promote ＂Retaining intelligence in village＂ and to revive the village development. Therefore, in the process of urban-rural integration, elementary education in rural areas should be reinforced to inherit the rural culture and to provide the cultural Soft Power for the rural development.