己未词科与清初“文”“学”之辨

In Search of Real Scholars: Literature,Knowledge and the 1679 Imperial Examination for Erudite Eminent Scholars

康熙十七年"博学鸿儒"之征为清初政治史与学术史上一重要事件,然其科名流传,有"鸿儒""宏词"两种不同的说法。本文利用官方诏令、士人诗文、笔记杂著等资料,分析造成这种歧异的原因,指出康熙虽高悬"鸿儒"之名,却并未接受理学士大夫"师儒"自任的姿态,实际所重,乃是文藻瑰丽的"词臣"。正缘乎此,汉族士大夫自觉或不自觉地转而采用"宏词"之名。通过梳理应考前后文士之舆论,本文希望揭示"文""学"二端在清初思想世界中的张力,并由此探讨理学、训诂、度数、辞章等不同知识和文化形态的消长。

The 1679 Imperial Examination for Erudite Eminent Scholars （boxue hongru,博学鸿儒） has long been regarded as an event of both political and intellectual significance in the political history and academic history during the early Qing Dynasty. Being recorded in the imperial edict as a selection of eminent scholars （hongru,鸿儒）, the name of this examination had another prevailing variant as ＂hongci＂ （宏词） which means ＂literary excellence＂. This article aims to explore the causes of such a variation from the political,social and cultural perspectives. With the help of copious historical sources as poems, diaries, private letters, academic notes and official decrees, this article is intended to expound the divergent attitudes towards ＂literary talent＂ （wen, 文） and ＂scholarly knowledge＂ （ xue, 学） , and demonstrate the tension between ＂wen＂ and ＂xue＂ in the early years of the Kangxi （康熙） reign.