论民主的矛盾与民主模式的发展

A Discussion on the Contradiction of Democracy and the Development of Democracy Model

矛盾是事物内部各要素以及事物之间对立统一的关系。任何事物都有其矛盾性,而事物的发展也都是由矛盾的推动。民主亦然,民主的矛盾就是民主内部要素以及民主与其他事物之间对立统一的关系。从不同的侧面去观察,会发现民主不同的矛盾。民主历程中,民主所表现出的矛盾以及因其矛盾推动而发展的民主模式主要有:主人与主事的矛盾,由直接民主到间接民主的发展;价值与事实的矛盾,由精英民主到参与式民主的发展;多数与少数的矛盾,由聚合民主到协商民主的发展;民主与民主的限制的矛盾,由非宪政民主到宪政民主的发展。民主矛盾的显现是由其自身固有的内涵与现实环境共同决定的。民主模式的发展不是随意而为的,有其历史与现实的依据,也是民主矛盾发展的要求。从民主的矛盾分析民主的模式只是一种视角、一种分析方法,以此对民主模式发展的规律作简单的把握。

The contradiction refers to the unity of opposites between internal elements and things. Everythingembodies contradictoriness, which in return drives the development of things. Unexceptional,the contradiction ofdemocracy reflects the unity of opposites among democratic internal elements and between the democracy andother things. Moreover, the contradictions and the models thus developed in the process of democracymanifest themselves as following： 1） the contradiction of owner and executor in the development from puredemocracy to indirect democracy; 2） the contradiction of value and reality in the development from elitedemocracy to participation democracy; 3） the contradiction of majority and minority in the development fromaggregated democracy to deliberative democracy; 4） the contradiction of democracy and its limitation in thedevelopment from non-constitutional democracy to constitutional democracy. The emergency of democracycontradiction is determined by the inherent connotation f democracy with the outside environment. Rather than anoptional changed, the democracy models is developed on the needs of the contradiction of democracy in historyand reality. It is an approach to analyze the democracy model in terms of the contradiction of democracy with theview to grasping briefly the law of the development of democracy model.